1. Hollywood Means Business: 1948-1980 Life after Divorcement

2. Hollywood reinvents itself Loss of theater chains destabilize the studio economically Individual films become more crucial Production totals drop with attendance drop By retaining distribution rights, the majors were able to reassert control over their product and ensure profitability In time, industry moves to integrate production and distribution into a larger and more diversified entertainment industry—but this takes time

3. The (temporary) rise of the independent theater Smaller theaters were intended to benefit from the Paramount decision—and did briefly Loss of B films and programmers starved independent theaters for movies to attract audiences (impact of changes in studios) Loss of audience in all theaters in postwar period 1947-1963: 48% of theaters in US closed Drive-ins flourished, especially with teenpix and exploitation movies

4. The (temporary) rise of the independent film After WWII, import of European films generated an audience for “art movies” Auteur theory generated a group of film school trained American independent filmmakers, the “Hollywood Renaissance” Studios believed a younger audience demanded more original, artistic, and less formulaic films—they were proved wrong by the late 1960s and early 1970s

5. The very end of the studios “Roadshows” and “platform release” Financial dependence on blockbusters spreads in mid-1970s Studios can still force theaters to show their products through distribution methods like block booking 1971: 14 movie made 50% of total income; fewer than 1/3 of the 185 others even made back their costs

6. Divorcement gives way to Fragmentation Film packaging outside the studio; may contract with studio for financing distribution studio space “Independent” producers—but with studio control of distribution UA as model for the new studio system

7. The stars shine bright... Value of stars in ensuring profitability rose, as did their salaries Talent agencies became independent producers as well, packaging stars, script, director and cast before selling the package Fewer films flattened release patterns into first release and general release By 1960, television release was part of the pattern, and studios with production facilities had become major suppliers of programming made for television

8. For the studio system: Finis While Disney remained solvent, others faced financial ruin: closure, receiverships, and major retrenchment New production companies, often headed by people from talent agencies or (ironically) from television production, gained power by producing successful blockbusters and selling them to the studios to distribute...... But there was more money to be made in the 1980s... through the magic of...

9. Entertainment Industry Consolidation 1980s—Reagan deregulated the industry Link between production and distribution re- established as media conglomerates formed Saturation booking replaced clearance Subsidiary markets increased in importance Willow, for example International grosses also grew as Hollywood films dominated the world market