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III.A 3, Gaussโ Law
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We have used Coulombโs Law (the governing law in electrostatics, in case you didnโt know) to derive ๐ธ= ๐๐ ๐ 2 , the electric field of a point charge. However, it the charge is distributed over a plane, cylinder or sphere, we will need another method.
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Flux โ rate of flow through an area
Flux โ rate of flow through an area. Could be fluid flow, magnetic field lines or, our current interest, electric field lines. By definition, ๐=๐ธ๐ด cos ๐ . (Nยทm2/C)
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Four algebraic examples and one calculus example for calculating electric flux.
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Ex. Find the net flux through the cylinder in electric field as shown.
b a c
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Gaussโ Law relates the electric fields at points on a surface (a Gaussian surface) to the net charge enclosed by that surface
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Ex. Find the electric flux through a Guassian sphere about a point charge.
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So, Gaussโ Law is ๐= ๐ธโ๐๐ด= ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐
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Gauss Law as shown is only true when the charge is in a vacuum
Gauss Law as shown is only true when the charge is in a vacuum. Include the sign of the charge since it gives the direction of the electric flux. If q is positive, the net flux is outward. If q is negative, the net flux is inward.
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Ex. In terms of r and linear charge density ฮป, find the electrical field about a cylinder of uniform charge density. Graph E vs. r for the cylinder.
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Ex. In terms of area charge density ฯ, find the electric field of a thin conducting plate.
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Ex. Find the electric field between the two charged conducting plates in terms the area charge density.
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Ex. For a uniformly charge conducting spherical shell of inner radius a and outer radius b, find the electric field for a Gaussian surface where r < a, a < r < b, and r > b. Graph E vs. r for the shell.
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Ex. Find the electric field for a uniformly charged non-conducting sphere of radius R when r < R and r โฅ R. Graph E vs. r for the sphere.
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Ex. A non-conducting sphere or radius R has a non-uniform charged density described by the function ๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ where ฯO and a are constants. Find the electric field when r < R and r โฅ R. Graph E vs. r for the sphere.
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Charged isolated conductor
If excess charge is placed on an isolated conductor, all the excess charge will move to the surface of the conductor. Therefore, E inside this conductor is zero. Conductor with a cavity. Excess charge resides on the surface and E inside the conductor is zero. A shell of uniform charge attracts or repels a charged particle outside the sphere as if the charge were concentrated at the center of the sphere.
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Ex. Use Gaussโ Law to show the electric field inside a charged hollow metal sphere is zero.
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Ex. A solid metal sphere with radius a, carrying a charge of +q is placed inside, and concentric with a neutral hollow metal sphere of inner radius b and outer radius c. Determine the electric field for r < a, a < r < b, b < r < c, and r > c.
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Parallel Plate Capacitors
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A derivation
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So, you (maybe) can see capacitance measures the capacity for: holding charge; storing electrical potential energy; or storing an electric field. Capacitance depends upon the geometry of the capacitor
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Ex. A 10-nF parallel-plate capacitor holds a charge of magnitude 50 ฮผC on each plate. a) What is the potential difference between the plates? b) If the plates are separated by a distance of 0.2 mm, what is the area of each plate?
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Capacitors of other geometries
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Ex. A long cable consists of a solid conducting cylinder of radius a, which carries a linear charge density of +ฮป, concentric with an outer cylindrical shell with inner radius b, which carries a charge density โฮป. This is a coaxial cable. Determine the capacitance of the cable.
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Ex. A spherical conducting shell of radius a, which carries charge +Q, is concentric with an out spherical conducting shell of inner radius b and carries a charge of โQ. What is the capacitance of the spherical capacitor?
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