1. Global Employment Trends for Youth 2010 Sara Elder International Labour Organization ADAPT Conference, “Productivity, Investment in Human Capital and the Challenge of Youth Employment” Bergamo, 16 December 2010

2. 1. Labour market trends for youth – the pre-crisis picture 2. Impact of the global economic crisis on the youth labour market 3. Why are young people vulnerable in the labour market? 4. Why do we care about the youth labour market?

4. Quantifying youth vulnerability: What do we know? What we do not know... Unemployed Discouraged workers ? Fully employed ? Underemployed ? In full-time education ? Other? Breakdown of the inactive by reason - how many are in each category? Inactive Employed Shares of underemployed v. fully employed in total employment? Size of the vulnerable youth population?? What we know... Inactive share increased from 45.3 to 49.2% Employed share decreased from 47.9 to 44.7% Unemployed share decreased from 6.8 to 6.1% Share of working poor - 28.1%

5. Source: ILO, GET Youth, August 2010

9.  Young women tend to have more difficulty finding work than young men.  In most OECD countries, unemployment is higher among the lesser educated youth; in developing countries, it is the highly educated who face longer job searches.  Unemployment rates are higher among ethnic minorities.

10. Source: ILO, GET Youth, August 2010

12. p = projection Source: ILO, GET Youth, August 2010

13. p = projection Source: ILO, GET Youth, August 2010

14. M = male; F = female Source: OECD

15.  Large increase in youth unemployment rates in Estonia and Spain; little change in Germany.  But in Germany, nearly one-third of those who are unemployed were already unemployed for longer than 12 months; only recently the case in Spain and the UK. Source: Eurostat

16.  Slight increase in youth part-time employment rates but impact on temporary employment is less obvious.  Part-time employment more relevant for UK youth, but incidence of temporary employment is very low compared to Germany and Spain. Source: Eurostat

17.  Lack of decent work is nothing new for majority of youth  Dominance of self-employment acts as a buffer, unemployment rates do not significantly increase … increase in vulnerable employment and casual labour in an “increasingly crowded” informal economy  Secondary consequences on education and training, pregnancy and parenthood, health

18.  Impacts timing of labour market entry (“hiding out” in education), the smoothness of the transition (multiple spells of unemployment), social norms adopted (mistrust in the State and economic system)  “Lost generation” ?

19.  Labour demand  Business cycle  Work experience  “Bad” education  Skills/talent mismatch  Temporary employment/dual labour markets  Entrepreneurship  Disempowerment

20.  Inefficiencies in youth labour market (unemployment, discouragment, working poverty) are costly  Lack of decent work at an early age compromises future employment prospects and impacts behaviour  A young person with hopes and options is happy; take away the options and youth become angry  Future consumers, producers … societies

21.  Advocate for continuing active labour market support of young people  Use your voice  Educate yourself  Take advantage of existing services (e.g. career guidance, job placement)  Learn how to earn: combine work with studies  Stay engaged and stay positive !