1. The Reign of Napoleon (b. 1769 - d. 1821) Supporter of the Revolution Superb, but not perfect, military leader Path to power –Rapid rise in the military –Brought back to help prop up Directory –Overthrew Directory - 1799 –1802 - Consul for Life –1804 - Emperor of the French

2. Reforms of Napoleon Revised Civil Constitution of the Clergy Increased religious tolerance, backed off “cult of reason” 1804 - Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) –Merit based –Increased rights for men –Smoothed out residual problems for Rev. –Decreased rights for women

3. Not all “sunshine & rainbows” –Censorship, limits on free speech –Secret police –Propaganda –Made France his personal empire

4. The Empire Conquered much of France Forced alliances Practice of nepotism Defeated by “General Winter” & scorched earth policies in Russia - 1812-1813 Abdicated 1814 - exiled to Elba March 1815 - returned to France for 100 days Defeated at Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena

5. Haitian Revolution French colony Large communities of maroons Inspired by the French & Am Revolutions Originally a civil war, turned into a slave revolt Slaves led by Toussaint L’Overture - a former slave Est. a constitution for Haiti - did not declare independence Toussaint captured by the French - 1802 Haitian independence declared 1803, helped by malaria

6. Latin American Wars of Independence Large scale social inequalities –Power resided with 30,000 peninsulares Upper class creoles (3.5 m) inspired by Am. Rev. –Not looking for social reform –Appreciated US model Napoleon’s invasion of Spain - ideal opportunity

7. Mexico Originally a peasant uprising led by Miguel Hidalgo (1753-1811) Cry of Delores - Sept 16, 1810 - Mexico’s day of independence Creales revolted in 1821, led by Augustin Iturbide - crowned himself emperor 1823 - Mexico declared a republic Southern states declared themselves Central American Federation until 1838

8. South America Bolivar (1783-1830) Many attempts to overthrow Spain, starting in 1811 Successful by 1825 Hoped for a pan-South American state Gave up hope by 1830, individual states formed

9. Brazil Had acted as seat of Portuguese empire Declared independence from Brazil in 1822 Monarchy dominated by wealthy creoles Republic - mid 1800’s

10. Nationalism Loyalty to state was an emerging notion “scientific racism” Anti-semitism - –Esp. Russia - pogroms –Highlighted by Dreyfus Affair in France –Dev. the Zionist Mov’t

11. Congress of Vienna Wanted to go back to 1789 - Europe Wanted to min. revolution Largely dominated by Metternich - prime minister of Austria Conservative force Primarily concerned with balance of power

12. Unification of Italy Congress of Vienna - gave control to France and Austria Young Italy - control of Rome in 1848 Cavour - helped unify northern Italy Garibaldi - unifies southern Italy - hands it over to the King 1861 - unification

13. Unification of Germany Bismarck - realpolitik “blood and iron” War of unification 1871 - unification of Germany Large scale resentment between Germany and France