1. The Age of Revolutions 1750-1914
“Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable” JFK

2. The Anatomy of a Revolution:
(adopted from Crane Briton)
Incubation: reasons why people want to rebel (short term and long term causes/political, economic, social)
Symptoms: actions people take (protests, etc.) against the society’s problems
Crisis: Events of the actual revolution
Convalescence: After effects/remedies made to address the causes of the revolution

3. The French Revolution 1789

4. The Three Estates French society was divided into three estates:
First Estate=Clergy
Second Estate=Nobles
Third Estate=Middle class (bourgeoisie) and peasants

5. The First Estate: CLERGY
1% of the population
Owned 5%-10% of the land
Collected a tithe from all church members (1/10 their income)
Lived luxurious lifestyles
Paid no taxes to the state

6. The Second Estate: NOBILITY
2% of the population
Owned 25% of the land
Had high positions in government, military, and courts
Collected feudal dues from peasants on their land
Lived lavish lifestyles
Paid no taxes

7. The Third Estate: MIDDLE CLASS & PEASANTS
97% of the population
Owned 70% of the land
Educated bourgeoisie resented their lack of status
Peasants made up the majority and were very poor
Had to pay a tithe to the church, feudal dues and fines to nobles, and a land tax to the king
Had no say in government at all

8. Burden on the Third Estate
“Thus,what is the third estate? Everything, but an everything shackled and oppressed. What would it be without the privileged order? Everything, but and everything free and flourishing. Nothing can progress without it; everything would proceed infinitely better without the others…”
-Abbe Sieyes

9. Additional Problems
France was in financial crisis because of deficit spending and costly wars
Crop failures and bread shortages struck and led to higher prices

10. The Estates General Meets
The Estates General was called together (first time in 175 years) by King Louis XVI to raise taxes to alleviate debt
Each estate was given one vote in the Estates General instead of each person
The Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and formed the National Assembly

11. The Tennis Court Oath
Members of the Third Estate met at a nearby tennis court and vowed to make a constitution for France

12. Storming the Bastille July 14,1789
Analyze the following quote. How does it apply to the causes of the French Revolution?
“Those who make peaceful revolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable” JFK

13. Phases of the French Revolution
1. Moderate Phase
Controlled by the National Assembly
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Constitution of established a unicameral legislature (the Assembly)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Declaration of Pilnitz
2. Radical Phase
Power shifts to radicals in the Assembly (Jacobins)
Declared France a Republic (sans-culottes)
Formed the Committee of Public Safety
Conscription
Guillotine Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI
Reign of Terror led by Robespierre

14. Phases of the French Revolution
Directory Phase ( )
3 man leadership (oligarchy)
Weak, ineffective, corrupt government
4. Age of Napoleon ( )
Military leader, overthrew the directory, declared himself Consul for life
1804- crowned himself emperor
Plebiscite ballot

15. Rise of Napoleon Economic Changes under Napoleon
Built roads and canals
Supported industry
Peasants gained land
Social Changes under Napoleon
State education system was created
Napoleonic Code- law system: all citizens equal before the law but women lost rights (not citizens)
Religious toleration (Concordat of 1801)
Military Expansion under Napoleon
Annexed: Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Germany and Italy
Alliances with: Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Family: Joseph Bonaparte on thrown in Spain
Defeat
Lost naval battle against British
“General Winter” beat Napoleon in Russia 1812 (scorched earth policy)
Defeated by Allies in 1814 returned to power and final defeat in 1815 at Waterloo
Exiled until death

16. Napoleon’s Empire at It’s Height, 1812
“It is better to eat than to be eaten”
-Napoleon

17. Europe After the Congress of Vienna