1. Nationalism in 19 th Century Europe By Tara Jakubik

2. What Was Nationalism? The strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance. Also, the belief that people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination

3. Origins of Nationalism Nationalism was the most powerful political force of the 19 th century It emerged from the Romantic exaltation of ‘ feeling ’ and ‘ identity ’ the liberal requirement that a legitimate state be based upon a ‘ people ’ rather than imperial domination Influences from French Revolution Both Romantic ‘ identity nationalism ’ and liberal ‘ civic nationalism, ’ were essentially middle class movements

4. How Nationalism Was Used Exemplified in two main methods: German Method: The define the “ nation ” in ethnic terms- Speaking same language and family name French method of inclusion: The enforcement of a considerable degree of uniformity- the destruction of regional languages

5. Why Was It Opposed? Nationalism called for a creation of independent state based on nationality These demands were against Congress of Vienna Especially Russian and Austrian Empires Threatened the existence of these empires Challenged the hierarchy of social privilege

6. Origins of Nationalism in Germany Germany did not exist as a country until 1871 Before 1806, it was initially divided into hundreds of different states, each with their own ruler, and still part of the Holy Roman Empire Around 1800, Europe was in the middle of The Napoleonic Wars and Prussia or other German States remained neutral or allied with the France J.G. Fichte Herder Napoleon creates the Confederation of Germany

7. Nationalism in Germany In 1814 and 1815, Europe met at the Congress of Vienna to settle Europe after years of war The German Confederation was also created, which was to promote trade and provide for the common defense of the German states Prussia and Austria was still most powerful German States start of German nationalism feared how liberal ideas from French could undermine their power feared nationalism because it meant losing their powers

8. Influence of the Revolutions of 1848 spread to Germany and members of the middle class and urban working force started to demand reform March Revolution in 1848 Riots in Frankfurt- the Declaration of Rights of German People frightened the German rulers Government official were replaced with more liberal ones In Frankfurt, a German National Assembly was formed to discuss a national German parliament and a unified Germany

9. Chaos Follows … Those people and groups who had come to power in 1848 began to fight amongst themselves, arguing over what direction they should go in next German National Assembly ignored by the German rulers Parliaments and constitutions were dissolved to ensure the absolute power In 1849, the Assembly in Frankfurt offered the crown of a unified German state that was to be a constitutional monarchy to King Frederick William IV of Prussia by 1851, almost all of the gains made in 1848 had been reversed

10. Growing German States and Creation of Germany Prussia attempted to increase its power Prussia had also tried to dissolve the German Confederation and create its own organization of German states 1850s The economies of the German states continued to grow In 1862, Otto von Bismarck became chief minister of Prussia A master of power politics, Bismarck skillfully fought three wars to unify the states of Germany into a single nation under Prussian leadership Leads to German Empire in 1871 under King William I of Prussia

11. Proclaiming the German Empire in 1871

12. Greece and Belgium: Independence! The Greeks revolted in 1821 against the Ottoman Empire Prince Alexander Ypsilantis found a secret national organization in 1814 “ Society of Friends ” 1821: he organized the revolt against Ottoman domination With some help from Britain, France, and Russia against the Turks, Greece gained independence in 1832

13. (Continued) Belgium was an industrial nation that complimented Dutch agriculture and trade, however the Dutch king was an absolutist Belgians were catholic, whereas the Dutch were Calvinists a month after the July revolution in France, the Belgian leaders asked for self-government Dutch resented at first, but Belgium finally proclaimed independence and began to draft its own constitution Nicolas I of Russia strongly objected the situation but distracted by revolts in Poland- Belgium proceeded into statehood and gained independence against the Dutch in 1830

14. Russia Tsar Nicholas I- very nationalist In 1833 the minister of education proclaimed the doctrine of “ Official Nationality ” Autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality were to be the intertwined principles of the state Defended at all costs

15. Poland Tsar Alexander I as king of Poland Polish uprising in November of 1830 Provisional national government formed Tried to flee Russian oppression and infuse Polish nationalism with romanticism Greater Poland Uprisings in 1848 Nicholas I reduces nationalism with policies

16. Italia Collection of small states dominated by Austria until 1850 Between 1815-1848 - many Italians began to want national Unity Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) – spokesman for Italian nationalism Founded “ Young Italy ” - to drive Austrians out

17. Continued.. Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia was faced with the revolts in Italy when Mazinni was exiled People looked to the Pope for unification Failure of revolutions in 1848 Help of Cavour and Garibaldi lead to unification of Italy in 1871 after many political conflicts

18. France February Revolution of 1848 French Second Republic National Workshops Bloody June Days Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Ruler of the Second Empire(1852-1870)

19. Austrian Empire As a multi-ethnic empire, revolution spread within Violence in Vienna – Metternich ’ s Flight Hungary declares independence Habsburg monarchy and Bohemia recognized Czechs call for an All-Slav Conference Italian Rebellion

20. Map of Europe in 1806

21. Europe in 1840

22. Europe in 1885