1. FRENCH MONARCHY IN CRISIS 1789-1815

3. King Louis XVI (16 th )  Louis XVI – terrible leader  Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette spent money on themselves and not the people  The people of France are MAD!

4. The Estates General  First Estate – Church  Second Estate – Nobility  Third Estate – bourgeoisie, laborers, and peasants  Each estate had one vote

5. MEETING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL (ALL 3 ESTATES OF FRANCE MEET FOR FIRST TIME SINCE 1618 IN 1789)

6. Beginning of the Revolution  National Assembly (made up of 3 rd estate) – wanted to write a new constitution, but the king locked them out of their meeting hall  Tennis Court Oath – meeting of 3 rd estate; vowed never to break up until a new Constitution is written

7. Tennis Court Oath THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (MADE UP OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE 3 RD ESTATE) MEET AND TAKE OATH TO WRITE FRANCE A CONSTITUTION)

8. Revolution Continues…  Crowds in Paris storm the Bastille (prison) in July because it represented royal authority  ** First major physical action of the Revolution

9. Other Actions by National Assembly  March of Versailles – 1789, (mostly women) protest over high food prices and rumors King was plotting against the National Assembly. The royal family was brought back to Paris.

10. 1791 Constitution  Kept monarchy with very limited power  Gave taxpaying men ages 25 and older many voting rights  Results:  Austria and Prussia threatened war; French Legislative Assembly declared war and lost  1792 Legislative Assembly became the National Convention, which declared France a Republic

11.  Maximillien Robespierre – leader of Radical (extreme) group called the Jacobins; led the National Convention

12. Changes in Society  King executed to prevent return to monarchy in 1793  Everything with connections to royalty or the Church was outlawed/changed  Playing cards (no kings or queens)  Calendar – 3 weeks of 10 days in a month  Metric system  Churches in Paris were closed

13. Reign of Terror  Many disliked the Radical changes  To prevent a counterrevolution, Radical leaders executed anyone suspected of being an enemy  17,000 people in 10 months  Eventually Robespierre was executed

14.  “The springs of popular government in revolution are at once virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, sever, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue.”  - Robespierre, Justification of the Use of Terror

15. After the Terror  New constitution: fewer people could vote  Elected body called Directory  Weak and corrupt Directors left France with a power vacuum

16. RISE OF NAPOLEON  Napoleon won lands for France in Italy and Spain.  Became a national hero for his efforts  November 1799 – armed supporters of Napoleon surrounded the Directory and forced a coup d'état and put Napoleon in power of France.  Soon elected emperor of France

17. NAPOLEON AS EMPEROR

18. Napoleon’s Empire  Introduced religious toleration  Abolished serfdom  Reduced power of the Catholic Church  Drafted majority of men into the military and enforced high taxes.

19. Continental System  A blockade to prevent French and allies from trading with Britain  Britain required everyone else to ask permission to trade with the French

20. Napoleon’s Downfall  Napoleon sends 500,000 troops to invade Russia  France wins, but are out of supplies & food and Napoleon is forced to retreat.  Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia join forces and crush Napoleon and his army  Napoleon is forced into exile on the island of Elba.

21.  BUT he is FREED by supporters and rebuilds the army- Hundred Days (of glory) begin  Europe unites again and defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo (Duke of Wellington led British forces)  Napoleon exiled until his death on St. Helena Island.

23. Congress of Vienna  Meeting of diplomats in support of monarchies (reactionaries) to redraw Europe’s boarders  Led by Prince Klemens von Metternich  France went back to 1792 territory and had to pay damages to countries occupied by Napoleon  German Confederation (loose gathering of city-states) created  Monarchy restored in Spain, France, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily