1. Hello Italy! Chapter 16 Section 1 Notes

2. The Congress of Vienna Affects… …Italy What was the Congress of Vienna again? It was called to remake Europe after Napoleon’s downfall Italian nationalists wanted to end centuries of foreign rule at the Congress of Vienna Metternich thought the concept of Italian nationalism was humorous; he believed it was “a mere geographic expression” Why did Metternich think this? Because for years foreign and local princes ruled regionally and Italy was as far from unity as any civilized region of the world

3. Young and Excitable! Giuseppe Mazzini founded a secret society called Young Italy in the 1830s Its goal was “to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.” In 1849, Mazzini’s dream came true, as he wanted to set up a revolutionary republic in Rome…and it was destroyed by the French Mazzini was exiled from Italy, but he never stopped dreaming and plotting towards a united Italy “Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs.” – Giuseppe Mazzini

4. When Failure Leads to Success Though Italian Revolution at first failed, the seeds of nationalism has been planted The Italian nationalist movement was known as the Risorgimento The idea of Italian nationalism was based around the common language and history of Italy and the geographical setting of Italy The second group to lead Italian nationalists were the Sardinians. Victor Emmanuel II was the king; he appointed Count Camillo Cavour as prime minister

5. Cavour-ious…Just Cavour-ious! Cavour came from nobility but favored liberalism That said, he was a monarchist who believed in realpolitik and would do whatever it took to achieve his goals Cavour first wanted to improve the economy He did so through agriculture, railroads, and supporting free trade Long-term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy and annex Lombardy and Venetia Cavour joined France and Britain in the Crimean War in 1855 to get Sardinia noticed In 1858, Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon III in which France would help them in a war vs. Austria In 1859, Cavour provoked the war, won with France’s help, and nationalists in northern Italy overthrew Austrian rule

6. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts Next up was Southern Italy The Two Sicilies’ movement was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, who also wanted an Italian republic Garibaldi was an ally of Mazzini but accepted aid from the monarchist Cavour because, hey, it’s free stuff By 1860, Garibaldi recruited 1000 red-shirted volunteers and, with Cavour’s weapons and 2 ships, he crossed the mainland and marched north to Naples Cavour was happy Garibaldi won, but worried he was losing power to Garibaldi and that a nationalist republic would be set up in Southern Italy Cavour wanted King Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi, but instead the troops overran the Papal States themselves and linked up with Garibaldi’s forces in Naples

7. The Result Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily to King Victor Emmanuel When southern Italy voted to approve the move, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy The last two Italian states to join Italy was Venetia (acquired after the Austro-Prussian War) and Rome (after France’s withdrawal from the city during the Franco-Prussian War) Italy was united in 1870