1. C H A P T E R Innisfree McKinnon University of Oregon © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline 12 The Rocky Mountain Region

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Environmental Setting –The formation of the Rocky Mountains –Erosion and valley formation –Altitudinal zonation Historical Settlement –19 th century settlement of Canadian Rockies

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Political Economy –Mining & lumbering –History of Butte & Helena and tourism Culture, People, Places –Denver & Calgary –Population growth

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Formation of the Rockies Columbia Oregeny (200 million years ago) Laramide Orogeny (55-35 million years ago)

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Force of Erosion V-shaped valleys (water) U-shaped valleys (glaciers) Other glacial forms –Moraines –Cirques –Horns –Arêtes

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Volcanism Yellowstone hotspot Many geysers, hot springs, mud pots Fumaroles

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Weather & Climate Rapidly shifting weather Warm air from the Pacific Relatively dry Chinook winds Impacted by topography & aspect of slopes

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Vegetation & Altitudinal Zonation

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Large predators present challenges Ex. Grey Wolf management Human Wildlife Interactions

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Hazards Storms & heavy snow Avalanches Spring & summer thunderstorms & hail Flash flooding

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Native Peoples Many small hunting & gathering tribes Mostly lived a low elevation N. Rockies = Kalispel, Coeur d'Alene, Flathead, Nez Perce, Kootenia, Blackfeet Many groups resisted forced resettlement

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. "We were contented to let thing remain as the Great Spirit made them." "Good words do not last long unless they amount to something. Words do not pay for my dead people…" The Nez Perce & Chief Joseph

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Early Canadian Settlement Hudson's Bay Company (sold in 1870) Grow increased because of the railroad Klondike gold rush (1890s) Lumber resources Late 19 th century – limited ability to attract European settlers Fort Calgary established 1876

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Primary Sector Few areas suited to ag. Ranching on private & federal lands Copper, silver, gold discovered in 1882 Mining & lumbering continue to be significant

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Sectors Recreation, tourism, & government now > than mining Recreation focused communities –Jackson Hole, Wyoming –Flagstaff, Arizona –Edmonton & Calgary –Sun Valley, Idaho

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. History of Butte, Montana 1864 –gold & silver discovered Butte became the largest mining camp 1890s demand for copper increased 1900 pop. >30,000 After WWI demand declined

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Expanding Tertiary & Quaternary Sectors Developing summer attractions for ski communities –Summer recreation –Arts/cultural events Expanding high-tech sector –Denver-Boulder

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Urban Growth Increasing revenue for communities Problems such as: –Destruction of scenic beauty & history Historic preservation –Ex. Helena, Montana

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Conflict between economic sectors Communities w/tradition primary sector economies threatened by newcomers Newcomers often advocate for wilderness protection & increased gov. oversight Increasing growth creates pollution & transportation issues

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Increasing cultural celebrations, business, activities, political influence Growing Latino Population

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Calgary located in the Front Range Rapidly growing >900,000 people Retains historic Calgary Stampede

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.5 million people Largest city in the region Regional economic hub Transportation/ distribution Federal agencies High tech companies Tourism/recreation Denver

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Urban Growth

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Future of the Rocky Mountain Region How can rapid population growth be accommodated? Need to balance resource based economies & natural settings used for recreation Deal with pollution & degradation Depletion of water Need to develop transportation networks

26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. End Chapter 12