1. 1) Celestial objects are things seen in Earth’s sky that is outside our atmosphere.

2. Examples: Moon, Sun, and Stars

3. 2) On ESRT p.14; shorter wavelengths are on the left side and longer wavelengths are on the right side.

5. 3) Visible light is a combination of multiple colors.

6. 4) Nitrogen in our atmosphere scatters and refracts blue wavelength.

7. 5) Azimuth – compass direction given as angle.

8. Altitude – the angular elevation above the horizon.

9. Zenith – point directly overhead at 90°

10. 6) Determines the time of year; sun’s highest altitude in the sky.

11. 7) 45 ° in Northern direction.

12. 8) The shadow decreases to noon and then increases to sunset.

13. 9) Equinox – Earth is not tilted towards or away from the Sun.

14. Solstice – Earth is tilted towards the Sun on Summer Solstice; Earth is tilted away from the Sun on Winter Solstice.

15. 10) Summer Solstice – June 21 Winter Solstice – Dec. 21 Winter Solstice – Dec. 21 Equinoxes Days – Sept. 23 and Mar.21 Equinoxes Days – Sept. 23 and Mar.21

16. 11) On both equinoxes days, the Sun’s vertical rays are on the equator; summer solstice it is on the Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N; winter solstice it is on the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S.

17. 12) Summer Solstice - longest day - 15 hrs daylight. daylight. Winter Solstice - shortest day – 9 hours Winter Solstice - shortest day – 9 hours daylight. daylight. Equinoxes – 12 hours day and night. Equinoxes – 12 hours day and night.

18. 13) DatesRisesSets Equinoxes: Summer Sol.: Winter Sol.:

19. 14) Earth’s revolution around the Sun and its tilted axis of 23.5° as it rotates.

20. 15) More than 23.5° - hotter summers and cooler winters (Northern Hemisphere) Less than 23.5° - cooler summers and warmer winters (Northern Hemisphere)

21. 16) Perihelion – Earth’s closest distance to the Sun; gravitational forces increases, orbital speed increases. Aphelion - Earth’s farthest distance to the Sun ; gravitational forces decreases, orbital speed decreases.

23. 17) Because it “looks” like the Sun and stars revolve Earth, but it is really Earth that is moving.

24. 18) Age – 15 billion years old Origin – The Big Bang

25. 19) Rotation – the turning of an object on its axis.

26. 20) Revolution – Movement of one celestial object around another.

27. 21) (1 st Law) Planet’s orbits are elliptical; the farther the planet from the Sun (aphelion), the longer the revolutionary period, the weaker the gravitational force and slower orbital speed; the closer the planet to the Sun (perihelion), the shorter the revolutionary period, and the greater the gravitational force and faster orbital speed.

28. 22) Gravitational Force increases (2 large objects close together) orbital velocity increases. Gravitational Force decreases (2 small objects far apart) orbital velocity decreases.

29. 23) Heliocentric – Sun-centered model Geocentric – Earth-centered model

30. 24) Closed curves around 2 fixed points.

31. 25) A measure of how much an orbit is out of roundness.

32. 26) Thousandth units units *Any eccentricity calculation MUST be greater than ______ (perfect circle) but less than _____ (straight line). E =

33. 27) Ovals circular circular

34. 28) same A B Areas A and B are the same!

35. 29) Spiral; Milky Way galaxy

36. 30) Elliptical Irregular Irregular

37. 31) Located on the spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy

38. 32) Galaxies solar system solar system

39. 33) Terrestrial planets – rocky in composition Jovian planets – larger, less dense, mostly made of gas, and all have rings

40. 34) stars

41. 35) Nuclear Fusion – lighter elements joining together to make heavier elements

42. 36) Red Blue Blue

43. 37) 27 1/3 days

44. 38) 29 ½ days Draw

45. 39) Moon phases – observed shape of lighted part of moon. Waxing – seeing more and more of the moon Waning – seeing less and less of the moon

46. 40) Because the moon rotates at the same rate as its revolution around Earth.

47. 41) Apogee – moon’s farthest distance from Earth. Perigee - moon’s closest distance from Earth.

48. 42) Spring Tides – greatest difference between high and low tides Neap Tides – least difference between high and low tides

49. 43) Solar eclipse: Sun-Moon-Earth Lunar eclipse: Sun-Earth-Moon

50. 44) When the moon orbits into Earth’s shadow.

51. 45) When moon’s orbit aligns exactly between the Sun and Earth.

52. 46) When a ring of the Sun shows around the Moon’s shadow.

53. 47) Total darkness created during an eclipse.

54. 48) Partial darkness created during an eclipse.

55. 49) Between Mars and Jupiter’s orbit.

56. 50) Asteroids – irregular rocky masses smaller than planets; orbits the Sun. Comets – ice and rock; very eccentric orbit around the Sun.

57. Meteoroids – ice or rock fragment in space. Meteorites – meteoroids that hit Earth’s surface. Meteors – streak of light created by meteoroids.

58. 51) North West East West East South

59. 52) Meteoroid

60. 53) 11 temperatures temperatures