1. The Human World
Population, Culture, Political and Economic Systems, Resources, Trade and the Environment

2. World Population 6.2 b people on earth
Until Industrial Revolution world’s population grew slowly
Birthrate growing faster than death rate
Natural increase difference between birthrate and death rate

3. Why population rates vary
Improved healthcare, adavanced technology, better nutrition lower death rate
In industrialized countries this accompanied by low birthrate
Some countries have reached zero population growth
Developing world (Latin America, Africa, Asia) birthrate high
Large families (cultural feelings)

4. Population Growth

5. Challenges of Population Growth
Food Supply
Use resources quickly
Can technology keep up?

6. Negative Population Growth
Death Rate exceeds birth rate
Late 1900’s in Europe
Difficult to keep economy going- fewer workers
Import laborers causes tension between groups

7. Population Distrbution
Human settlement is uneven
Less than one- third of planet inhabited
Most live near water, fertile soil and climate make life sustainable
Asia 60% of worlds population
Europe, N.A. most live in urban areas

8. Population Density
Determine how crowded a country is by how many live in a square mile or kilometer of land
Why is this not accurate? (p.78)

9. Population Movement
Migration movement from one place to another (urban to rural areas, country to country)
Why? push and pull factors
Population moving to urban areas
Reasons- jobs, opportunity
War, environmental disaster, famine cause forced migration

10. Global Cultures Culture- way of life shared by a group of people
Includes:
Language
Religion
Subgroups
Government
Economics

11. Language Communicate information, share and pass on tradition, values
Unifies culture
Worlds languages divided into language groups, groups with similar roots

12. Religion Vary greatly around world
Unify people, provides sense of identity
Influences daily life- morals, values, holidays
Religious symbols, stories shaped literature, arts

13. World Religions

14. Social Groups Allow cultures to work together to meet basic needs
Family most important part of all cultures, makeup varies
Social class- rank based on wealth, ancestry, education, other criteria
Some include diverse ethnic groups (share common language, history, etc.)

15. Government Government reflects culture
All maintain order, protection from outside forces, supply services to people
Organized by levels of power (national, state, local)
Type of authority- single leader, small group of leaders, representative leaders

16. Economic Activity How cultures utilize resources
How cultures produce, obtain, use and sell goods and services

17. Culture Regions Divided into culture regions that share certain traits
Economic systems, forms of government, social groups, language
Share common history, art forms, religion

18. Cultural Change What creates cultural change?
Within- lifestyles, ideas, inventions
Outside influences- trade, movement of people and war
Process of spreading new knowledge and skills from one culture to another cultural diffusion

19. Agricultural Revolution
10, 000 years ago people first settled in river valleys, established permanent settlements
Shift from gathering food to producing food agricultural revolution
3500 B.C. organized, city based societies with government, trade, art, science established (civilizations)

20. Culture Hearths First civilizations in areas called cultural hearths
All emerged in areas with mild climate, fertile land and were located near a major river or source of water
Factors allowed people to grow surplus food

21. Specialization and Civilization
Surplus food allowed development of other economic activities- economic activities and trade
Increased wealth, formed complex governments and societies
Governments coordinated building projects, harvests and military defense
Creation of writing systems to record and transmit information

22. Cultural Contacts Causes of Change
Contact between civilizations through trade and travel
Permanent migration
Forced migration (slaves)
Favorable conditions (climate, opportunity, freedom) draw people from one region to another
Cause tradition, practices, beliefs to blend across cultures

23. Industrial and Information Revolution
Industrial Revolution- 1750’s changes in production b/c of mechanization led to economic, social change
People left farms for jobs, working and living conditions improved
End of 1900’s Information Revolution links cultures across globe

24. Political and Economic Systems
Territory, population, sovereignty, freedom from outside control managed by governments
Make and enforce laws that bind people together
Governments reflect historic, cultural characteristics of each country
Most have different levels of government

25. RED indicates populistic system
BLUE indicates democratic system.
ORANGE indicates that political system of the country is now changing from populistic to democratic.
WHITE means "not enough data to determine political system".
GREEN indicates occupied countries (also "not enough data" to determine political system).
Yellow dots mark countries that probably could become democratic in next few years.

26. Government Systems Unitary System
Gives all power to a central government
Usually small, not ethnically diverse
United Kingdom, France
Federal System
Power divided between states and central government
Each has sovereignty in certain areas
U.S., Canada, Brazil, Australia, India

27. Types of Government Three major groups
Autocracy- oldest most common form of government
Achieve authority by inheritance, use of force
Types- totalitarian (single leader) controls all aspects of life, monarchy (king, queen) leadership inherited, have supreme power of government
Constitutional monarchy- monarch share power with elected legislatures

28. Types of Government Oligarchy- small group holds power
Power from wealth, military power, social position (sometimes religion)
Control decisions made by elected legislatures, give appearance of representing people
Usually suppress all political opposition

29. Types of Government Democracy- leaders rule with consent of citizens
Citizens have ultimate power
Representative democracy- elect people to make laws, conduct government (legislature)
Republic- all major officials elected, head of state elected for certain term

30. Economic Systems Three Basic Decisions
What and how many goods and services should be produced
How they should be produced
Who gets the goods and services produced
Three types of economic systems
Traditional
Market
Command

31. Economic Systems Traditional Economy Habit and custom define activity
Not free to make decisions, do what was done in the past
Not many left

32. Economic Systems Market Economy (Capitalism)
Individuals, private groups makes decisions
Based on free enterprise (make what people will buy)
Free enterprise based on right to make a profit w/o gov’t interference
People decide where to work
Mixed economy- gov’t supports and regulates free enterprise, keep competition free and fair
Gov’t influences economies by spending
United States is an example

33. Economic Systems Command Economy
Gov’t owns means of production- land, labor, capital
Directs all economic activity
Belief that it is good for society
Citizens have no say in how money is spent by gov’t

34. Resources, Trade and the Environment
Natural Resources
Two types- renewable, nonrenewable
Nonrenewable resources – minerals, fossil fuels
Need to be conserved
Renewable resources- hydroelectric power, solar energy, nuclear energy
Can be expensive, possible environmental consequences

36. Economic Development
Uneven distribution of resources affects global economy
Some countries develop economies based on their natural resources
World Economic Activities divided into four types
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

37. Economic Development
Primary Economic Activity- taking and using natural resources, primary economic activity takes place near natural resources
Secondary Economic Activity- adds value to raw materials (manufacturing), activity occurs close to markets
Tertiary Activity- professional, wholesale or retail activities
Quaternary Activity- processing, management and distribution of information (white collar professionals)

39. Economic Development
Developed Countries- mfg., service industries employ most people
Commercial farming, don’t need as many people to grow food
High standard of living

40. Economic Development
Developing Countries- mainly in Africa, Asia, Latin America
Working toward manufacturing, mostly agricultural
Subsistence farming
Most people poor

41. Economic Development Wealth in developed world leads to resentment
Militant groups form to strike back and heighten influence to promote change (terrorists)

42. World Trade
Unequal distribution of resources causes global trade networks to develop
Multinational companies (MNC’s) stimulate trade
Based in developed countries, set up assembly operations in smaller countries to keep down labor costs, sell to developed countries

43. World Trade Barriers to Trade Countries mange trade to benefit them
Set up restrictions on goods from other countries (tariffs, quotas, embargoes)
Recent movement to free trade (removal of trade barriers)
Regions join together to remove restrictions (NAFTA, European Union)

44. People and the Environment
Human economic activity has affected environment
Water, air, land pollution
Deforestation
Expansion of human communities threatens natural ecosystems (desertification is an example)