1. Pain Killaz Sydney Neely, Sydney Foil, Olivia Kozar, Courtney Seidel, Savannah DeKemper

2. Pain Prevention Two Types of analgesics: ◦Mild analgesics  (example: aspirin)  intercept the feeling of pain at the source, often altering the production of certain substances in the body that are the cause of the problem ◦Strong analgesics  (example: opium, or morphine)  work by (on a temporary basis)-bonding receptor sites to the brain, so the transmission of pain cannot reach the brain. So there is no feeling of pain. Since the signal of pain does not reach the brain, strong analgesics do not depress the central nervous system

3. Aspirin As A Derivative of Salicylic Acid Salicylic acid reacts to form aspirin in a condensation reaction: C ₇ H ₆ O ₃ + C ₄ H ₆ O ₃ → C ₉ H ₈ O ₄ + C ₂ H ₄ O ₂ Salicylic Acid + Acetic Anyhydride → Acetylsalicylic acid + Acetic Acid

4. Structures of Analgesics Morphine Codeine

5. Structures of Analgesics (continued) Diamorphine/Heroin

6. Differences Heroin (diamorphine) Interacts with receptor sites within brain and block pain signals within the brain two ester groups tertiary amine group benzene ring (C6H6) alkene group (C=C) ether group (C-O-C).

7. Differences Codeine: ◦ hydroxy groups ◦ a tertiary amine ◦ an alkene group ◦ a benzene ring ◦ and an ether group.

8. Effects When Using Morphine and It’s Derivatives as Analgesics MorphineHeroinCodeine Short TermEffective at treating severe pain, constipation Feeling of well being, dulling of pain, lessens fear and tension May not completely dull the pain, fewer side effects than Morphine and Heroin, not addictive Long TermHabit forming, possible dependence Loss of appetite, constipation, high potential for addiction, building of tolerance

9. Drug Action Although diamorphine (heroin) and morphine share the same basic structure, heroin is more potent and thus more addictive because of its polarity due to the presence of its functional groups. Heroin Morphine

10. Drug Action (continued) Comparison of structures: ◦ Identical except the functional groups on the left. ◦ Heroin has two ester groups which are less polar. ◦ Morphine has 2 polar hydroxyl groups Solubility/Potency : ◦ Heroin is insoluble in water because it is less polar (ester groups that can't form hydrogen bonds with water) ◦ Heroin can then be transported to the less polar parts of the body like the brain and nervous systems ◦ Heroin will reach higher concentrations in the brain (due to is less polar nature) and thus will appear more potent and produce greater analgesic effects (more addictive) ◦ Morphine is soluble in water because the polar hydoxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water and can penetrate the brain less easily than heroin.