1. Practical Issues related to Income Statement
PART II: Corporate Accounting Concepts and Issues
Lecture 06
Practical Issues related to Income Statement
Instructor
Adnan Shoaib

2. Learning Objectives
Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.
Prepare a single-step income statement.
Prepare a multiple-step income statement.
Explain how to report irregular items.
Explain intraperiod tax allocation.
Identify where to report earnings per share information.
Prepare a retained earnings statement.
Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

3. Income Statement and Related Information
Format of the Income Statement
Reporting Irregular Items
Special Reporting Issues
Usefulness
Limitations
Quality of Earnings
Elements
Single-step
Multiple-step
Condensed income statements
Discontinued operations
Extraordinary items
Unusual gains and losses
Changes in accounting principles
Changes in estimates
Corrections of errors
Intraperiod tax allocation
Earnings per share
Retained earnings statement
Comprehensive income

4. Income Statement Usefulness Evaluate past performance.
Predicting future performance.
Help assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows.
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.

5. Income Statement Limitations
Companies omit items that cannot be measured reliably.
Income is affected by the accounting methods employed.
Income measurement involves judgment.
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.

6. Income Statement Quality of Earnings
Companies have incentives to manage income to meet or beat Wall Street expectations, so that
market price of stock increases and
value of stock options increase.
Quality of earnings is reduced if earnings management results in information that is less useful for predicting future earnings and cash flows.
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.

7. Manipulating Income and Income Smoothing
“Most executives prefer to report earnings that follow a smooth, regular, upward path.”
~Ford S. Worthy, “Manipulating Profits: How It’s Done”, Fortune
Two ways to manipulate income:
Income shifting
Income statement classification
An often-debated contention is that, within GAAP, managers have the power, to a limited degree, to manipulate reported company income. And the manipulation is not always in the direction of higher income. In a Fortune article titled “Manipulating Profits: How It’s Done” Ford S. Worthy states that “Most executives prefer to report earnings that follow a smooth, regular, upward path. They hate to report declines, but they also want to avoid increases that vary wildly from year to year; it’s better to have two years of 15% earnings increases than a 30% gain one year and none the next. As a result, some companies ‘bank’ earnings by understating them in particularly good years and use the banked profits to polish results in bad years.”
How do managers manipulate income? Two major methods are (1) income shifting and (2) income statement classification.
Income shifting is achieved by accelerating or delaying the recognition of revenues or expenses. For example, a practice called “channel stuffing”
accelerates revenue recognition by persuading distributors to purchase more of your product than necessary near the end of a reporting period.
The most common income statement classification manipulation involves the inclusion of recurring operating expenses in “special charge” categories such as restructuring costs. This practice sometimes is referred to as “big bath” accounting, a reference to cleaning up company balance sheets. Asset reductions, or the incurrence of liabilities, for these restructuring costs result in large reductions in income that might otherwise appear as normal operating expenses either in the current or future years.

8. Operating Income and Earnings Quality
Restructuring Costs
Costs associated with shutdown or relocation of facilities or downsizing of operations are recognized in the period incurred.
Goodwill Impairment and Long-lived Asset Impairment
Involves asset impairment losses or charges.
Should all items of revenue and expense included in operating income be considered indicative of a company’s permanent earnings? No. Operating expenses may include unusual items that may or may not continue in the future.
Restructuring costs are recognized in the period the exit or disposal cost obligation actually is incurred. As an example, suppose terminated employees are to receive termination benefits, but only after they remain with the employer beyond a minimum retention period. In that case, a liability for termination benefits, and corresponding expense, should be accrued in the period(s) the employees render their service. On the other hand, if future service beyond a minimum retention period is not required, the liability and corresponding expense for benefits are recognized at the time the company communicates the arrangement to employees. In both cases, the liability and expense are recorded at the point they are
deemed incurred. Similarly, costs associated with closing facilities and relocating employees are recognized when goods or services associated with those activities are received. GAAP also establishes that fair value is the objective for initial measurement of the liability, and that a liability’s fair value often will be measured by determining the present value of future estimated cash outflows.
Goodwill Impairment and Long-lived Asset Impairment involves asset impairment losses or charges. Any long-lived asset, whether tangible or intangible, should have its balance reduced if there has been a significant impairment of value. We explore property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets in Chapters 10 and 11. After discussing this topic in more depth in those chapters, we revisit the concept of earnings quality as it relates to asset impairment.

9. Nonoperating Income and Earnings Quality
Gains and losses generated from the sale of investments often can significantly inflate or deflate current earnings.
Example As the stock market boom reached its height late in the year 2000, many companies recorded large gains from sale of investments that had appreciated significantly in value.
How should those gains be interpreted in terms of their relationship to future earnings? Are they transitory or permanent?
Most of the components of earnings in an income statement relate directly to the ordinary, continuing operations of the company. Some, though, such as interest and gains or losses are only tangentially related to normal operations. These we refer to as nonoperating items. Some nonoperating items have generated considerable discussion with respect to earnings quality, notably gains and losses generated from the sale of investments. For example, as the stock market boom reached its height late in the year 2000, many companies recorded large gains from sale of investments that had appreciated significantly in value. How should those gains be interpreted in terms of their relationship to future earnings? Are they transitory or permanent?
Companies often voluntarily provide a pro forma earnings number when they announce annual or quarterly earnings. Supposedly, these pro forma earnings numbers are management’s view of “permanent earnings,” in the sense of being a better long-run performance measure. These pro forma earnings numbers are controversial because determining which items to exclude is at the discretion of management. Therefore, management could mislead investors. Nevertheless, these disclosures do represent management’s perception of what its permanent earnings are and provides additional information to the financial community.

10. Format of the Income Statement
Elements of the Income Statement
Revenues – Inflows or other enhancements of assets or settlements of its liabilities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations.
Examples of Revenue Accounts
Sales
Fee revenue
Interest revenue
Dividend revenue
Rent revenue
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.

11. Format of the Income Statement
Elements of the Income Statement
Expenses – Outflows or other using-up of assets or incurrences of liabilities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations.
Examples of Expense Accounts
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation expense
Interest expense
Rent expense
Salary expense
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.

12. Format of the Income Statement
Elements of the Income Statement
Gains – Increases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions.
Losses - Decreases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions.
Gains and losses can result from
sale of investments or plant assets,
settlement of liabilities,
write-offs of assets.
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.

13. Single-Step Format Single-Step Income Statement Revenues Expenses
Net Income
Single- Step
No distinction between Operating and Non-operating categories.
LO 2 Prepare a single-step income statement.

14. Single-Step Format
E4-4: Prepare an income statement from the data below.
LO 2 Prepare a single-step income statement.

15. Single-Step Format Review The single-step income statement emphasizes
the gross profit figure.
total revenues and total expenses.
extraordinary items more than it is emphasized in the multiple-step income statement.
the various components of income from continuing operations.
LO 2 Prepare a single-step income statement.

16. Format of the Income Statement
Multiple-Step Income Statement
Separates operating transactions from nonoperating transactions.
Matches costs and expenses with related revenues.
Highlights certain intermediate components of income that analysts use.
LO 3 Prepare a multiple-step income statement.

17. Multiple-Step Format Intermediate Components of the Income Statement
Operating section
Nonoperating section
Income tax
Discontinued operations
Extraordinary items
Earnings per share
LO 3 Prepare a multiple-step income statement.

18. Operating versus Nonoperating Income
Includes revenues and expenses directly related to the principal revenue-generating activities of the company
Includes gains and losses and revenues and expenses related to peripheral or incidental activities of the company
Many corporate income statements distinguish between operating income and nonoperating income. Operating income includes revenues and expenses directly related to the primary revenue-generating activities of the company. For example, operating income for a manufacturing company includes sales revenues from selling the products it manufactures as well as all expenses related to this activity. Similarly, operating income might also include gains and losses from selling equipment and other assets used in the manufacturing process.
On the other hand, nonoperating income relates to peripheral or incidental activities of the company. For example, a manufacturer would include interest and dividend revenue, gains and losses from selling investments, and interest expense in nonoperating income. Other income (expense) often is the classification heading companies use in the income statement for nonoperating items. On the other hand, a financial institution like a bank would consider those items to be a part of operating income because they relate to the principal revenue generating activities for that type of business.

19. Multiple-Step Format
The presentation divides information into major sections.
1. Operating Section
2. Nonoperating Section
3. Income tax
LO 3 Prepare a multiple-step income statement.

20. Multiple-Step Format
Illustration (E4-4): Prepare an income statement from the data below.

21. Multiple-Step Format Review
A separation of operating and non operating activities of a company exists in
both a multiple-step and single-step income statement.
a multiple-step but not a single-step income statement.
a single-step but not a multiple-step income statement.
neither a single-step nor a multiple-step income statement.
LO 3 Prepare a multiple-step income statement.

22. Some differences are highlighted below.
U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS
There are more similarities than differences between income statements prepared according to U.S. GAAP and those prepared applying IFRS.
Some differences are highlighted below.
Specifies certain minimum information to be reported on the face of the income statement.
Allows expenses classified by function or natural description.
“Bottom line” called profit or loss.
Prohibits reporting extraordinary items.
Has no minimum requirements. SEC requires that expenses be classified by function.
“Bottom line” called net income or net loss.
Report extraordinary items separately.
There are more similarities than differences between income statements prepared according to U.S. GAAP and those prepared applying international standards. Some of the differences are:
International standards require certain minimum information to be reported on the face of the income statement. U.S. GAAP has no minimum requirements.
International standards allow expenses to be classified either by function (e.g., cost of goods sold, general and administrative, etc.), or by natural description (e.g., salaries, rent, etc.). SEC regulations require that expenses be classified by function.
In the United States, the “bottom line” of the income statement usually is called either net income or net loss. The descriptive term for the bottom line of the income statement prepared according to international standards is either profit or loss.
As we discuss later in the chapter, we report “extraordinary items” separately in an income statement prepared according to U.S. GAAP. International standards prohibit reporting “extraordinary items.”

23. Reporting Irregular Items
Companies are required to report irregular items in the financial statements so users can determine the long-run earning power of the company.
Illustration 4-5
Number of Irregular Items Reported in a Recent Year by 500 Large Companies
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

24. Reporting Irregular Items
Irregular items fall into six categories
Discontinued operations.
Extraordinary items.
Unusual gains and losses.
Changes in accounting principle.
Changes in estimates.
Corrections of errors.
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

25. Reporting Irregular Items
Discontinued Operations
Occurs when,
(a) company eliminates the
results of operations and
cash flows of a component.
there is no significant continuing involvement in that component.
Amount reported “net of tax.”
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

26. Reporting Discontinued Operations
Illustration: KC Corporation had after tax income from continuing operations of $55,000,000 for the year. During the year, it disposed of its restaurant division at a pretax loss of $270,000. Prior to disposal, the division operated at a pretax loss of $450,000 for the year. Assume a tax rate of 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for KC.
Income from continuing operations $55,000,000
Discontinued operations:
Loss from operations, net of $135,000 tax 315,000
Loss on disposal, net of $81,000 tax 189,000
Total loss on discontinued operations 504,000
Net income $54,496,000
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

27. Reporting Discontinued Operations
Discontinued Operations are reported after “Income from continuing operations.”
Previously labeled as “Net Income”.
Moved to
LO 4

28. Reporting Irregular Items
Extraordinary items are nonrecurring material items that differ significantly from a company’s typical business activities.
Extraordinary Item must be both of an
Unusual Nature and
Occur Infrequently
Company must consider the environment in which it operates.
Amount reported “net of tax.”
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

29. Reporting Extraordinary Items
Are these items Extraordinary?
(a) A large portion of a tobacco manufacturer’s crops are destroyed by a hail storm. Severe damage from hail storms in the locality where the manufacturer grows tobacco is rare.
(b) A citrus grower's Florida crop is damaged by frost.
(c) A company sells a block of common stock of a publicly traded company. The block of shares, which represents less than 10% of the publicly-held company, is the only security investment the company has ever owned.
YES NO
YES
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

30. Reporting Extraordinary Items
Are these items Extraordinary?
(d) A large diversified company sells a block of shares from its portfolio of securities which it has acquired for investment purposes. This is the first sale from its portfolio of securities.
(e) An earthquake destroys one of the oil refineries owned by a large multi-national oil company. Earthquakes are rare in this geographical location.
(f) A company experiences a material loss in the repurchase of a large bond issue that has been outstanding for 3 years. The company regularly repurchases bonds of this nature. NO
YES NO
LO 4

31. Reporting Extraordinary Items
Illustration: KC Corporation had after tax income from continuing operations of $55,000,000 during the year. In addition, it suffered an unusual and infrequent pretax loss of $770,000 from a volcano eruption. The corporation’s tax rate is 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for KC Corporation beginning with income from continuing operations.
Income from continuing operations $55,000,000
Extraordinary loss, net of $231,000 tax 539,000
Net income $54,461,000
($770,000 x 30% = $231,000 tax)
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

32. Reporting Extraordinary Items
Extraordinary Items are reported after “Income from continuing operations.”
Previously labeled as “Net Income”.
Moved to
LO 4

33. Reporting Irregular Items
Reporting when both Discontinued Operations and Extraordinary Items are present.
Discontinued Operations
Extraordinary Items
LO 4

34. Reporting Irregular Items
Unusual Gains and Losses
Material items that are unusual or infrequent, but not both, should be reported in a separate section just above “Income from continuing operations before income taxes.”
Examples can include:
Write-downs of inventories
Foreign exchange transaction gains and losses
The Board prohibits net-of-tax treatment for these items.
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

35. Reporting Irregular Items
Changes in Accounting Principles
Retrospective adjustment.
Cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings.
Approach preserves comparability.
Examples include:
change from FIFO to average cost.
change from the percentage-of-completion to the completed-contract method.
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

36. Reporting Irregular Items
Change in Accounting Principle: Gaubert Inc. decided in March 2012 to change from FIFO to weighted-average inventory pricing. Gaubert’s income before taxes, using the new weighted-average method in 2012, is $30,000.
Illustration 4-10
Calculation of a Change in
Accounting Principle
Pretax Income Data
Illustration 4-11
Income Statement
Presentation of a Change
in Accounting Principle (Based on 30% tax rate)
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

37. Reporting Irregular Items
Changes in Estimate
Accounted for in the period of change and future periods.
Not handled retrospectively.
Not considered errors or extraordinary items.
Examples include:
Useful lives and salvage values of depreciable assets.
Allowance for uncollectible receivables.
Inventory obsolescence.
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

38. the FASB to the elimination of the extraordinary item classification.
U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS
The scarcity of extraordinary gains and losses reported in corporate income statements and the desire to converge U.S. and international accounting standards could guide
the FASB to the elimination of the extraordinary item classification.
U.S. GAAP provides for the separate reporting, as an extraordinary item, of a material gain or loss that is unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence. In 2003, the IASB revised IAS No. 1. The revision states that neither the income statement nor any notes may contain any items called “extraordinary.”
A recent survey of 500 large public companies reported that only four of the companies disclosed an extraordinary gain or loss in their 2007 income statements. Losses from two 21st century “extraordinary” events, the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, did not qualify for extraordinary treatment. The treatment of these two events, the scarcity of extraordinary gains and losses reported in corporate income statements, and the desire to converge U.S. and international accounting standards could guide the FASB to the elimination of the extraordinary item classification.
Report extraordinary items separately in the income statement.
Prohibits reporting extraordinary items in the income statement or notes.

39. Change in Estimate Example
Change in Estimate: Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2012 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time.
Questions:
What is the journal entry to correct the prior years’ depreciation?
Calculate the depreciation expense for 2012.
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

40. Change in Estimate Example
After 7 years
Equipment cost $510,000
Salvage value ,000
Depreciable base 500,000
Useful life (original) years
Annual depreciation $ 50,000
First, establish NBV at date of change in estimate.
x 7 years = $350,000
Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2011)
Fixed Assets:
Equipment
$510,000
Accumulated depreciation
350,000
Net book value (NBV)
$160,000
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

41. Change in Estimate Example
After 7 years
Net book value $160,000
Salvage value (new) ,000
Depreciable base 155,000
Useful life remaining years
Annual depreciation $ 19,375
Depreciation Expense calculation for 2012.
Journal entry for 2012
Depreciation expense 19,375
Accumulated depreciation 19,375
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

42. Reporting Irregular Items
Corrections of Errors
Result from:
mathematical mistakes.
mistakes in application of accounting principles.
oversight or misuse of facts.
Corrections treated as prior period adjustments.
Adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings.
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

43. Reporting Irregular Items
Corrections of Errors: To illustrate, in 2013, Hillsboro Co. determined that it incorrectly overstated its accounts
receivable and sales revenue by $100,000 in In 2013, Hillboro makes the following entry to correct for this error (ignore income taxes).
Retained earnings 100,000
Accounts receivable 100,000
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.

44. Special Reporting Issues
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Relates the income tax expense to the specific items that give rise to the amount of the tax expense.
Income tax is allocated to the following items:
(1) Income from continuing operations before tax.
(2) Discontinued operations.
(3) Extraordinary items.
LO 5 Explain intraperiod tax allocation.

45. Special Reporting Issues
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Extraordinary Gain: Schindler Co. has income before income tax and extraordinary item of $250,000. It has an extraordinary gain of $100,000 from a condemnation settlement received on one its properties. Assuming a 30 percent income tax rate.
Illustration 4-13
LO 5 Explain intraperiod tax allocation.

46. Special Reporting Issues
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Extraordinary Loss: Schindler Co. has income before income tax and extraordinary item of $250,000. It has an extraordinary loss from a major casualty of $100,000. Assuming a 30 percent income tax rate.
Illustration 4-14
LO 5 Explain intraperiod tax allocation.

47. Example of Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Note: losses reduce the total tax
Calculation of Total Tax
$24,000
(135)
(61)
(231)
$23,573
LO 5 Explain intraperiod tax allocation.

48. Special Reporting Issues
Earnings Per Share
Net income - Preferred dividends
Weighted average number of shares outstanding
An important business indicator.
Measures the dollars earned by each share of common stock.
Must be disclosed on the the income statement.
LO 6 Identify where to report earnings per share information.

49. Special Reporting Issues
Earnings Per Share (BE4-8): In 2012, Hollis Corporation reported net income of $1,000,000. It declared and paid preferred stock dividends of $250,000. During 2012, Hollis had a weighted average of 190,000 common shares outstanding. Compute Hollis’s 2012 earnings per share.
Net income - Preferred dividends
Weighted average number of shares outstanding
$1,000,000
- $250,000 =
$3.95 per share
190,000
LO 6 Identify where to report earnings per share information.

50. Special Reporting Issues
Illustration 4-17
Divide by weighted-average shares outstanding
EPS
LO 6

51. Special Reporting Issues
Retained Earnings Statement
Increase
Decrease
Net income
Change in accounting principle
Error corrections
Net loss
Dividends
Change in accounting principles
Error corrections
LO 7 Prepare a retained earnings statement.

52. Special Reporting Issues
Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2012, you discover a $50,000 error (net of tax) that caused 2011 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in 2011). Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2012?
LO 7 Prepare a retained earnings statement.

53. Special Reporting Issues
LO 7 Prepare a retained earnings statement.

54. Special Reporting Issues
Restrictions on Retained Earnings
Disclosed
In notes to the financial statements.
As Appropriated Retained Earnings.
LO 7 Prepare a retained earnings statement.

55. Special Reporting Issues
Comprehensive Income
All changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners.
Includes:
all revenues and gains, expenses and losses reported in net income, and
all gains and losses that bypass net income but affect stockholders’ equity.
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

56. Special Reporting Issues
Comprehensive Income
Other Comprehensive Income +
Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities.
Translation gains and losses on foreign currency.
Plus others
Reported in Stockholders’ Equity
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

57. Special Reporting Issues
Review
Gains and losses that bypass net income but affect stockholders' equity are referred to as
comprehensive income.
other comprehensive income.
prior period income.
unusual gains and losses.
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

58. Special Reporting Issues
Companies must display the components of other comprehensive income in one of three ways:
A second separate income statement;
A combined income statement of comprehensive income; or
As part of the statement of stockholders’ equity
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

59. Special Reporting Issues
Comprehensive Income
Illustration 4-19
Second income statement
LO 8

60. Special Reporting Issues
Comprehensive Income
Combined statement
LO 8

61. Special Reporting Issues
Comprehensive Income – Statement of Stockholder’s Equity
Illustration 4-20
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

62. Special Reporting Issues
Comprehensive Income – Balance Sheet Presentation
Illustration 4-21
Presentation of
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income in the Balance Sheet
Regardless of the display format used, the accumulated other comprehensive income of $90,000 is reported in the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet.
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

63. Special Reporting Issues
Review
The FASB decided that the components of other comprehensive income must be displayed
in a second separate income statement.
in a combined income statement of comprehensive income.
as a part of the statement of stockholders‘ equity.
Any of these options is permissible.
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

64. U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS
As part of a joint project with the FASB, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2007 issued a new version of IAS No. 146 that revised the standard to bring international reporting of comprehensive income largely in line with U.S. standards.
Includes four possible Other Comprehensive Income items.
Includes same four. Includes a fifth possible item, changes in revaluation surplus, from the optional revaluation of property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets.
As part of a joint project with the FASB, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2007 issued a new version of IAS No. 146 that revised the standard to bring international reporting of comprehensive income largely in line with U.S. standards. It provides the option of presenting revenue and expense items and components of OCI either in (a) a single statement of comprehensive income or (b) in a separate income statement followed by a statement of comprehensive income. U.S. GAAP also allows the reporting of other comprehensive income in the statement of shareholders’ equity. Earlier we listed four possible OCI items according to U.S. GAAP. There is an additional possible item, changes in revaluation surplus, under IFRS. In Chapter 10 you will learn that IAS No. 16 permits companies to value property, plant, and equipment at (1) cost less accumulated depreciation or (2) fair value (revaluation). IAS No. 38 provides a similar option for the valuation of intangible assets. U.S. GAAP prohibits revaluation. If the revaluation option is chosen and fair value is higher than book value, the difference, changes in revaluation surplus, is reported as other comprehensive income and then accumulates in a revaluation surplus account in equity.

65. RELEVANT FACTS
Presentation of the income statement under GAAP follows either a single-step or multiple-step format. IFRS does not mention a single-step or multiple-step approach. Extraordinary items are prohibited under IFRS.
Under IFRS, companies must classify expenses by either nature or function. GAAP does not have that requirement, but the U.S. SEC requires a functional presentation.
IFRS identifies certain minimum items that should be presented on the income statement. GAAP has no minimum information requirements. However, the SEC rules have more rigorous presentation requirements.

66. RELEVANT FACTS
IFRS does not define key measures like income from operations. SEC regulations define many key measures and provide requirements and limitations on companies reporting non-GAAP/IFRS information.
GAAP does not require companies to indicate the amount of net income attributable to non-controlling interest.
GAAP and IFRS follow the same presentation guidelines for discontinued operations, but IFRS defines a discontinued operation more narrowly. Both standard- setters have indicated a willingness to develop a similar definition to be used in the joint project on financial statement presentation.

67. End of Lecture 06