1. Chapter-4/5-1CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Chapter 4 (Only 4.2 – 4.3) Digital Transmission

2. Chapter-4/5-2CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Advantages of Digital Transmission  Low cost technology  Longer distances using repeaters Security & Privacy Encryption Noise can be easily removed Cheaper and easier digital Multiplexing (Combining data from different sources into one link) Allows processing of both analog data (voice, video) and digital data by the computer

3. Chapter-4/5-3CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Figure 4.1 Digital Transmission of Digital Data

4. Chapter-4/5-4CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Digital Transmission of Digital Dat 1= 3V 0= 0V 1= +3V 0= -3V

5. Chapter-4/5-5CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 4.3 Transmission Mode Parallel Transmission Serial Transmission

6. Chapter-4/5-6CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Figure 4.31 Data transmission and modes

7. Chapter-4/5-7CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Figure 4.32 Parallel transmission  Advantage: speed  Disadvantage: high cost (needs a wire for each bit)  limited to short distances

8. Chapter-4/5-8CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Figure 4.3 Serial transmission

9. Chapter-4/5-9CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Serial Transmission Modes Timing problems require a mechanism to synchronize (coordinate) the Transmitter and receiver The receiver must know the rate at which bits are being received so that it can read the value of the line at appropriate intervals to determine the value of each received bit Two ways to handle the synchronization problem Asynchronous serial transmission Synchronous serial transmission Modem operates in these two modes.

10. Chapter-4/5-10CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Figure 4.4 Lack of synchronization Receiver clock is faster than the sender clock

11. Chapter-4/5-11CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Asynchronous Mode Data transmitted one character (byte) at a time without any clock line that synchronizes both the sender and the receiver clocks. Each character (byte) is treated independently Sender and receiver clocks do not have to be synchronized (same clock speed) all the times but only for the duration of the character (agreed-upon rate) For each character (byte) at least two bits are added : Start bit = 0 at the beginning (to alert the receiver that a new character is arriving) One or more Stop bits =1 Each byte may be followed by a gap which can be an idle line or additional stop bits Used widely between PC and Keyboard, PC and Modems, PC and Printers, or Fax machines

12. Chapter-4/5-12CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Figure 4.34 Asynchronous transmission Gap is either an idle channel or additional stop bits

13. Chapter-4/5-13CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 In asynchronous transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte. There may be a gap between each byte. Note

14. Chapter-4/5-14CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Asynchronous here means “asynchronous at the byte level,” but the bits are still synchronized; their durations are the same. Note

15. Chapter-4/5-15CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Advantages Simple Cheap Disadvantages Not effective usage of channel bandwidth Overhead >= 2/(8-bit ASCII code + 2 ) = 20% Not suitable for long blocks of data because the receiver’s clock might drift out of synchronization with the transmitter’s clock. Used with slow transmissions (one character at a time ) Asynchronous Mode

16. Chapter-4/5-16CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Binary bits are combined into blocks of arbitrary length called frame No gaps between blocks and no start or stop bits Synchronization - two methods: Separate clock line between the sender and receiver (one send the clock and the other uses it as its clock) Works for only short distances – Noise will affect it for long distances Embed clock information in the data signal (encoding data into different form). This is called self-synchronizing digital signal Receiver has the responsibility of recognizing the frame boundaries How the receiver can detect the beginning/end of a block (frame)? Use bit pattern to mark start (preamble) and end (postamble) of data This is called Flag: 01111110 Data + control information is called frame Used in high-speed communications such as data transmission between computers Synchronous Mode

17. Chapter-4/5-17CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Figure 4.35 Synchronous transmission

18. Chapter-4/5-18CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 In synchronous transmission, we send bits one after another without start or stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits. Note

19. Chapter-4/5-19CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Example on self-synchronizing signal - Manchester encoding In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit provides clocking and data

20. Chapter-4/5-20CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Frame example Advantage In total much less overhead per frame  more efficient than asynchronous Used for high speed transmissions, e.g., between computers, between modems, and routers Synchronous Mode – cont.