1. Diving Environment

2. Objectives Identify environmental conditions, which vary from region to region. State the importance of an area orientation and list in order of preference three sources for obtaining an orientation. Describe and discuss 4 effects of waves on a diver and describe techniques for dealing with each. Name three common types of currents and describe techniques for dealing with each. Describe how to get out of a current. Discuss the effects of tides as they concern a diver. Describe techniques for diving in kelp. Describe the primary danger of rocks to divers, and three techniques for preventing injury. State two primary factors affecting visibility and recommended techniques when diving in limited visibility.

3. Temperature Thermocline –An abrupt change in temperature at depth –Do not confuse with an increase in cold due to suit compression

4. Temperature Upwelling –Seasonal condition in CA –Caused by wind Surface water is replaced by cold deep water. Extremely cold from the surface to depth. Extremely clean and clear. Post Upwelling –Plankton blooms

5. Area Orientation Importance –Protect you, marine life, environment –Enjoyable dive more likely Sources for area orientation –Active instructor –This is your best source of information. –Active divemaster or dive guide –Experienced local divers

6. Kelp General Techniques –Dive with a buddy –Move gently –Streamline gear –Save air –Pick path –Pay attention to navigation –Carry knife or shears Kelp is easily broken or snapped by hand You can bite through kelp

7. Waves Primary cause –Wind Strength of the wind Distance the wind blows over water (fetch) Duration (period of time the wind blows without interruption

8. Surge Wave energy felt on the bottom. When wave size remains constant –depth increase surge will decrease. Moves in a circular or elliptical pattern.

9. Surge ___________________________________

10. Surge Do not fight the surge. –When surge is against you, hold on to rocks or kick to hold position. –When surge is with you, kick to make progress. Surge is strongest toward shore. –Sand Transport

11. Surf Area of breaking waves near the beach Waves break when the water depth becomes too shallow to support the wave General Techniques Get through the surf zone as quickly as possible Keep control of all equipment Follow the last wave of the set Choose an appropriate entry/exit technique

12. When in doubt about your ability to handle the waves and surf, DO NOT ATTEMPT THE DIVE!

13. Rocks Primary danger is slipping Injury prevention –Wear protective clothing –Walk with care –Fend off Fingertip diving –Be very aware of surge. –Pick a spot to place your hand and fend off prior to the surge pushing you into the rock. – If possible select a spot on the rock that is bare and not covered

14. Visibility Factors which affect visibility –Turbidity Particulate matter in the water –Light Best time to dive is when sun is high in the sky –Run-off –Pollution –Wind –Tides –Waves, Surge and Surf

15. Limited Visibility Techniques Good buddy techniques –Frequent checks –Physical contact –Positioning Dive lights Good buoyancy control –Avoid stirring up the bottom

16. Currents Near Shore Rip Current –A current running directly away from shore. –As a general rule, it is advisable to avoid rip currents. –Choose entry and exit points that route you between the currents. –Identified by dirty mushroom shaped patches of water Longshore –Current that runs parallel to the beach. –Often strongest within the surf zone

18. General Techniques for diving in current Begin your dive against the flow of the current Hug the bottom Hold onto rocks or shelter in protected area

19. Finish your dive up-current from the boat Allow for the effects of the current on air consumption –When beginning the dive against the current either Go farther than normal before turning around or Look for the anchor or exit point early Current X 3000 psi1750 psi 500 psi

20. Getting out of a current If a current is moving you in an undesirable direction, escape the current by swimming across the flow of the current This applies especially to –Rip current –Longshore current

21. Other Currents Standing Current –River or ocean currents –Require special training due to special hazards Upwelling –Upwelling is considered a current although its effects on divers are limited to temperature considerations.

22. Tides Daily rise and fall or ebb and flow of water –Can be predicted Tide tables available through government and private agencies

23. Tides Visibility –Best visibility is at high tide –Worst visibility is at low tide –Choose time to dive and dive site accordingly

24. Tides Surf zone –Location of surf zone may vary with tide as depth of water changes –Intensity of surf zone may vary with tide Currents –Tidal currents may be too strong to swim against Develop local knowledge and knowledge of current diving

25. Marine Life Smooth gentle movements will allow you to get closer to the marine life. Abrupt, thrashing movements will frighten the animals away. Most injuries associated with marine life are defensive actions on the part of the animal

26. Conservation Local knowledge Look but don’t touch Buoyancy control Fin control Fish and game regulations Body/gear awareness Collect only appropriate items, at appropriate locations and times

27. No Collecting in Class!