1. EXPLORATION

2. By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to leave their borders. The Renaissance brought new feelings of adventure and courage…along with education!

3. Prior to 1400s: little exploration except with the Muslim World MARCO POLO 1275- Italian Trader -reached China!

4. Why Explore? “God, glory, and gold”: Spread Christianity, fame, Wealth

5. After Renaissance… Europeans want to learn and trade! #1 Reason: Sources of New Wealth! The trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia fueled the need to find new sea routes to Asia! Italy had a stronghold on Asian and Middle Eastern Trade with its location.

6. TECHNOLOGY CARAVEL: sturdier vessel with triangular sails –Can sail against the wind NAVIGATION: Astrolabe: brass circle with rings marking off the degrees. The rings could measure latitude and determine how far north or south the ship was from the Equator. Magnetic Compass

7. PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY 1st European country to establish trading outposts along the West Coast of Africa Had strong government support of exploration

8. SPAIN envied Portugal 1492: Italian Sea Captain: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS convinced the Spanish Monarchs to finance his expedition. NIÑA, PINTA, and the SANTA MARIA: 1492

9. Called inhabitants Los Indios (Indians) Claimed the land for Spain “Hispaniola” (D.R./Haiti) Columbus went over 4 times, 1 as an explorer, and 3 times as an Empire builder! The Spanish aimed to build COLONIES: lands controlled by another nation

10. AMERIGO VESPUCCI Italian financed by Portugal coast of South America and determined the land was not Asia New World! …named America (after him)

11. Vasco Núñez de Balboa Spanish crossed over Panama 1st European - Pacific Ocean!

12. Ferdinand Magellan Portugal southern tip of S. America. died in the Philippines crew returned to Spain (3 years) 1 st to circumnavigate the globe! (1522 )

13. OTHER NATIONS WANT INVOLVEMENT Dutch East India Company: Netherlands Trade in India (Portugal had dominated) Pushed out English as well. 1600: owned the largest fleet in the world.

14. FRANCE & BRITAIN By 1700s, also had trading posts in Asia. Ports / trade areas only Asia remained relatively unaffected by European Influence.

15. Few scholars openly challenged the accepted theories of the past GEOCENTRIC THEORY –Earth - center of the universe, everything else moved around the Earth. –Supported by Aristotle and Ptolemy (Greek) Before the Scientific Revolution…

16. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Mid-1500s, new ideas challenged old …called the scientific revolution! Brought forth by exploration and learning done during the Renaissance Astronomy: the study of stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies

17. COPERNICUS On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies HELIOCENTRIC THEORY: –sun is the center of the universe

18. JOHANNES KEPLER planets move in elliptical orbits (not circles) Laws of planetary motion Solar System

19. GALILEO GALILEI Astronomer, physicist, mathematician & philosopher (the “father of modern science”) Supported Copernicus! Used his improved version of the telescope to help prove the sun was the center of the universe and that all other objects revolved around it

20. Studied time using pendulums –Weights hung to swing freely Gravity experiments –Elaborated on work of Aristotle –Determined that all objects fall at the same rate

22. THE CHURCH INTERFERES The church felt its authority threaten by new discoveries in science Were especially against Heliocentric Theory –God’s Earth was at the center of the universe Galileo was brought to trial in 1633 –Roman Inquisition found him “vehemently suspect of heresy” –Galileo was forced to recant, held under house arrest until he died in 1642

23. 1771: Ban on printing his works lifted 1992: the year the Catholic Church finally acknowledged that Galileo was correct!

24. SCIENTIFIC METHOD people began to base science on observation and experimentation …not ancient authorities and the church Logical procedure for gathering information and testing ideas

25. 1. Starts by deriving a problem or a question based on observation 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Test hypothesis 4. Analyze and interpret data into a conclusion EX: Isaac Newton: Laws of Motion and Gravity!

26. Dr. William Harvey: discovered the heart pumps blood throughout the body Andreas Vesalius: dissected human corpses and published his observations. Provided a working understanding of how the body was composed Edward Jenner: Late 1700’s, discovered the small pox vaccine MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS

27. New advancements in science brought new ideas in other areas… If the government & church was wrong about old science, it could be wrong about other areas of life as well People begin to think differently about their religious institutions and governments SIGNIFICANCE