2. With Help from Susan M. Pojer

3. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age 1.Megalopolis. 2.Mass Transit. 3.Magnet for economic and social opportunities. 4.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core 5.New frontier of opportunity for women. 6.Squalid living conditions for many. 7.Political machines. 8.Ethnic neighborhoods.

4. New Architectural Style New Use of Space New Class Diversity New Energy New Culture (“Melting Pot”) New Form of Classic “Rugged Individualism” New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption Make a New Start New Symbols of Change & Progress The City as a New “Frontier?”

6. William Le Baron Jenney  1832 – 1907  “Father of the Modern Skyscraper”

7. W. Le Baron Jenney: Central Y.M.C.A., Chicago, 1891

8. Louis Sullivan  1856 – 1924  The Chicago School of Architecture  Form follows function!

9. Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

10. Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

11. Frank Lloyd Wright  1869 – 1959  “Prairie House” School of Architecture  “Organic Architecture”  Function follows form!

12. Frank Lloyd Wright: Allen-Lamb House, 1915

13. Frank Lloyd Wright: “Falling Waters”, 1936

14. F. L. Wright Glass Screens Prairie wheat patterns.

15. Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, NYC - 1959

17. New York City Architectural Style: 1 870s-1910s 1.The style was less innovative than in Chicago. 2.NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago. 3.Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC  their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies. 4.NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.

18. Western Union Bldg,. NYC - 1875

19. Manhattan Life Insurance Bldg. NYC - 1893

20. Singer Building NYC - 1902

21. Woolworth Bldg. NYC - 1911

22. Flatiron Building NYC – 1902 D. H. Burnham

23. Grand Central Station, 1913

24. St. Patrick’s Cathedral

25. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

26. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

27. Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

28. “Dumbell “ Tenement

29. “Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

30. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

31. Tenement Slum Living

32. Lodgers Huddled Together

33. Tenement Slum Living

34. Struggling Immigrant Families

35. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

36. Hester Street – Jewish Section

37. 1900 Rosh Hashanah Greeting Card

38. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

39. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

41. Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week 51 hours or less4,5545% 52-57 hours65,03379% 58-63 hours12,21115% Over 63 hours5621% Total employees, men and women 82,360

42. Womens’ Trade Union League

43. Women Voting for a Strike!

44. Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call

45. Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists

46. Arresting the Girl Strikers for Picketing

47. Scabs Hired

49. “The Shirtwaist Kings” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

50. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8 th and 10 th Floors

52. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

56. Inside the Building After the Fire

57. Most Doors Were Locked

59. Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died

60. 10 th Floor After the Fire

61. Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk

62. One of the “Lucky” Ones?

63. Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead

64. Page of the New York Journal

65. One of the Many Funerals

66. Labor Unions March as Mourners

67. Women Workers March to City Hall

68. The Investigation

70. Out of the Ashes ÔILGWU membership surged. ÔNYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. ÔNew strict building codes were passed. ÔTougher fire inspection of sweatshops. ÔGrowing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.

71. Changes in Immigration Patterns The years between 1870 and 1920 saw one of the greatest surges of immigrants to America. Until 1890, most of these immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe, just like many of the original European immigrants to America.

72. Changes in Immigration Patterns On the west coast, immigrants from China began arriving for the Gold Rush in 1849, but many ended up working on the railroads or starting farms; after 1882 Congress limited Chinese immigration.

73. Changes in Immigration Patterns After 1890, the immigrating population changed to people coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, countries such as Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. During this time almost a million people also immigrated from Mexico and the West Indies.

74. Why the New Immigration? Rapidly growing population in the Old World Industrialization in Europe and the importation of American food disturbed the position of the peasant “America Fever” Persecutions of minorities in Europe Birds of Passage

75. Being a New Immigrant Discrimination at work Generation Gap Struggle to assimilate Bintel Brief

76. Taking Care of the New Immigrants Originally taken care of by city “bosses” “Christian Socialist” preachers Jane Addams and Hull House –Settlement Houses Florence Kelley – Socialism, Rights, and the Henry Street Settlement (founded by Lillian Wald)

77. Changes Brought by the New Immigration Women in the work force –Mostly single –Helped family and still had some pocket money Brought more economic and social independence

78. Nativism Nativism: Preferential treatment towards native born Americans –Especially Anglo Saxon, Protestants The American Protective Association (1887) Organized labor fought new immigration because poor immigrants were willing to take lower wages

79. Government Sponsored Nativism 1882: Close gates to all paupers, criminals, and convicts + Chinese Exclusion Act 1885: Prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract 1890’s: Expanded list of undesirables to include: insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases 1917: Literacy Test