2. The Cellular Basis of Life Chapter 3 Part 1

3. The Magic School Bus: Goes Cellular

4. Introduction to Cell Biology –Chemical in the cells Major Elements –Carbon (C) –Oxygen (O) –Hydrogen (H) –Nitrogen (N) “Biology is the search for chemistry that works.”

5. Trace Elements –C–Calcium (Ca)- blood clotting –I–Iron (Fe)- hemoglobin –I–Iodine (I)- controls metabolism –E–Electrolytes- carry an electrical charge http://www.ehu.es/biomoleculas/PROT/hemoglobin.jpg

6. Iodine Deficiency http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_01_060103/li10764_fm-4.jpg http://carondelet.net/PeriodicTable/I/iodized%20salt.jpg

7. Water in the Cell –Cells are 60% water –Interstitial fluid Dilute, saltwater around cells Site of all exchanges between cells and blood

8. Variations in Cells- Length http://www.acticare.com/conditions/images/sciatic_nerve2.jpg http://www.iss.k12.nc.us/schools/shs/jmcCartney/redcell.jpg 2 micrometers Over 1 meter

9. Variations in Cells- Shape Red Blood Cells- disk shaped Nerve Cells- spindle shaped Smooth Muscle Cells- Threadlike Epithelial Cells- Cubes http://www.idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season3/brain/Images/neuronlabels.gif

10. Variations in Cells- Function Over 200 cell types found in the body

11. The Generalized Cell –Demonstrates the basic parts that all cells contain –Has three parts Nucleus Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~sugnet/documentation/biology_starter/images/animal_cell_580_915.jpg

12. The Nucleus –Nuclear Envelope The membrane of the Nucleus –Nucleoli Where ribosomes are assembled Round, dark staining bodies –Chromatin DNA combined with protein When the cell divides the DNA condenses into chromosomes

13. Plasma Membrane Fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment –Lipid Bilayer –Proteins –Glycoproteins

14. Lipid Bilayer Phospholipid Cholesterol http://www.biology.arizona.edu/chh/problem_sets/kidneysmetals/graphics/bilayer.gif

15. Proteins scatter the surface of the plasma membrane –Receptors for hormones –Transport Proteins http://www.nirgal.net/graphics/coli_protein.jpghttp://www.science.org.au/nobel/1996/images/picture-0.jpg

16. Glycoproteins Blood type Cell-cell communication http://www.funhousefilms.com/glycolip.jpg

17. Specializations Microvilli –finger-like projections to increase cell’s surface area

18. Specializations Tight Junctions –impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak- proof sheets Desmosomes –Anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from falling apart Gap Junctions –Allow communication –Connexons- hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membrane

19. Cytoplasm –Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plama membrane –Site of most cellular activities (factory) –Three Elements Cytosol- semitransparent fluid Organelles- parts that have specific functions Inclusions- non-functioning units

20. Cytoplasmic Organelles

21. Mitochondria –Enzymes break down food and capture the energy in ATP molecules –Liver and muscle cells have hundreds of mitochondria http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/roanoke/mitochon.gif

22. Cytoplasmic Organelles Ribosomes –Made of proteins and rRNA –Site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum –System of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist through the cytoplasm –Rough ER- studded with ribosomes –Smooth ER- cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification http://dragon.seowon.ac.kr/~bioedu/bio/ohp/t-021.jpg

23. Cytoplasmic Organelles –Golgi Apparatus –stack of flattened sacs –Modifies and packages proteins

24. Cytoplasmic Organelles –Lysosomes –Sacs of powerful digestive enzymes –Digests wornout cell structures and most foreign substances –Peroxisomes –Sacs that contain powerful oxidase enzymes –Detoxify poisonous substances and disarm free radicals http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~s2s/latest/cell1/src/tutorial/lysosome.html

25. Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoskeleton –Provides cells framework and cells shape –Microfilaments- cell motility and makes changes in cell shape –Intermediate Filaments- form desmosomes and resists pulling forces –Microtubule- overall shape of a cell and important in cell shape

26. Cytoplasmic Organelles –Centrioles –Rod-shaped bodies that are at right angles –Other Cell Structures –Cilia- whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface –Flagella- Longer projection that moves the cell

27. Cell Diversity Trillions of cells in the body, 200 different cell types

28. Cells that connect body parts Fibroblast- secretes cable-like fibers Erythrocyte (red blood cell)- carries oxygen in the blood stream

29. Cells that cover and line body organs –Epithelial cell- pack together into sheets

30. Cells that move organs and body parts Skeletal and Smooth Muscle cells- contract in order to move bones or internal organs

31. Cell that stores nutrients Fat cell- stores a lipid droplet

32. Cell that fights disease Macrophage- digest infectious microorganisms

33. Cell that gathers information and controls body functions Nerve cell (neuron)- send electrical signals

34. Cells of reproduction Oocyte- female egg cell Sperm- male cell with flagellum