1. Blood/Immunity Lab
BIOL 326L

2. Composition of Blood Total blood volume is ~ 5L
Consists of formed elements (cells) suspended in plasma
Plasma is liquid consisting of H20 & dissolved solutes
Includes proteins/antibodies, ions, organic molecules, hormones
Figure 13.1 in book has examples of plasma constituent values
13-7

3. Characteristics of Red Blood Cells.
Red blood cells are:
Erythrocytes
Biconcave discs
One-third hemoglobin or:
Oxyhemoglobin(+ oxygen)
Deoxyhemoglobin
Able to readily squeeze through capillaries
Lack nuclei and mitochondria
Top view
7.5 micrometers
2.0 micrometers
Sectional view
(a)
(b)
b: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.

4. Blood Type and Blood Typing using Antibody-Antigen Immune Reaction

5. Antibodies/Antigens
Antibody attachement to pathogen increases attraction of phagacytic cells to the pathogen or attracts complementary system to lyse/damage cell membrane

6. Blood Typing & RBC Antigens
Antigens present on RBC surface specify blood type (A and B)
Major antigen group
Type A blood has only A antigens
Type B has only B antigens
Type AB has both A & B antigens AB
Type O has neither A or B antigens
**many more antigens have
been identified, and typing is
going towards “gene chips”
13-15

7. Rh Factor Is another type of antigen found on RBCs
Rh+ has Rho(D) antigens; Rh- does not
RH+ most common
Can cause problems when Rh- mother has Rh+ babies
At birth, mother may be exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus
In later pregnancies mom may produce Rh antibodies
In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens & antibodies cross placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs
13-18

8. Anitbodies Type A blood = has antibodies to Type B antigens
Type B blood = has antibodies to Type A antigens
Type AB blood = doesn’t have antibodies to either Type A or B antigen (“universal recipient”)
Type O blood = has antibodies to both Type A & B antigens(“universal donor”)
If different blood types are mixed, antibodies will cause mixture to agglutinate
ag·glu·ti·nate       v. əˈglut nˌeɪt; adj. əˈglut n ɪt, -ˌeɪt/ Pronunciation Key - Show Spelled Pronunciation[v. uh-gloot-n-eyt; adj. uh-gloot-n-it, -eyt] Pronunciation Key - Show IPA Pronunciation verb, -nat·ed, -nat·ing, adjective
–verb (used with object), verb (used without object) 1.to unite or cause to adhere, as with glue. 2.Immunology. to clump or cause to clump, as bacteria or blood platelets. 3.Linguistics. to form by agglutination.
co·ag·u·late       v. koʊˈæg yəˌleɪt; adj. koʊˈæg yə lɪt, -ˌleɪt/ Pronunciation Key - Show Spelled Pronunciation[v. koh-ag-yuh-leyt; adj. koh-ag-yuh-lit, -leyt] Pronunciation Key - Show IPA Pronunciation verb, -lat·ed, -lat·ing, adjective
–verb (used with object), verb (used without object) 1.to change from a fluid into a thickened mass; curdle; congeal: Let the pudding stand two hours until it coagulates. 2.Biology. (of blood) to form a clot.
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9. Type O- is “universal donor” because lacks A & B antigens
Agglutination
Type O- is “universal donor” because lacks A & B antigens
Recipient’s antibodies won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs
Type AB+ is “universal recipient” because doesn’t make anti-A or anti-B antibodies
Won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs
Can cause problems when Rh- mother has Rh+ babies
In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens & antibodies cross placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs
**remember, rxn. To donor antigens by
Recipient blood that causes problem, donor antibodies insignificant
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10. * Blood Typing Anti-A=ab to A Anti-B Anti-Rho
Agglutination = RBCs contain those antigens

11. RBC Count/ Hematocrit
Hematocrit = ratio of packed RBCs to blood volume
Centrifuge blood sample in hematocrit tube
Normal
Male = 47±7%
Female = 42±5%
Anemia can be due to loss of RBC’s, decreased production of RBC’s, or decreased hemoglobin synthesis (or destruction), resulting in inability to
Utilize oxygen properly

12. Anemia may result from destruction of RBC’s by oxidative damage
or immune reaction against the RBC:
Heintz body anemia: oxidative damage to hemoglogin
Can be due to glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase deficiency
And subsequent sensitivity to quinine, other drugs
(onion toxicosis in dogs!)

13. Eccentrocytes: oxidative damage to RBC

14. IMHA and ITP: immune mediated
Hemolytic anemia and idiopathic
thrombocytopenia

15. Neutrophils Light purple granules in acid-base stain
Lobed nucleus when mature
Other names
Segs
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
Bands (young neutrophils)
First to arrive at infections
Phagocytic
54% - 62% of leukocytes
Elevated in bacterial infections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke

16. Eosinophils Deep red granules in cytoplasm Bi-lobed nucleus
Moderate allergic reactions
Defend against parasitic worm infestations
1% - 3% of leukocytes
Elevated in parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke

17. Basophils Deep blue granules in basic stain Release histamine
Release heparin
Less than 1% of leukocytes
(least common)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke

18. © R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited
Monocytes
Largest of all blood cells
kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei
Leave bloodstream to become macrophages
3% - 9% of leukocytes
Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited

19. Lymphocytes Slightly larger than RBC
Large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm
T cells and B cells
Both important in immunity
B cells produce antibodies
25% - 33% of leukocytes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke

20. Platelets= thrombocytes

21. CLOTTING DISORDERS: 1. platelets =thrombocytopenias decreases ability to form primary clot; leads to bleeding 2. decreased clotting factor, anywhere in clotting cascade=coagulopathy clotting cascade leads to fibrin clot in healthy individual

22. Blood Platelets Platelet adhesion can be decreased
With drugs (aspirin/plavix) or some health problems*
Platelet number can be decreased in disease states, causing bleeding*

23. Coagulopathies: Decrease in any clotting factor can disrupt cascade, so fibrin prodn prevented. Causes include: Von Willebrand’s, hemophilia, Vit.K deficiency(used up in bleeding), almost any cancer, rodent poison

24. Clotting tests: 1. PT=prothrombin time tests function of extrinsic and common pathway increased time indicates problem 2. PTT=partial thrombin tests intrinsic system so increased time indicates problem

25. Clotting tests:

26. aiha

31. Onion toxicosis