1. Transport of Carbon Dioxide
CO2
(in plasma)
CO (from tissue)
H2CO3
carbonic acid
enzyme
H+ + HCO3-
hydrogen- carbonate ion
CO2 + H2O
HCO3-
(in plasma)

2. How is carbon dioxide transported by blood?
Carbon dioxide produced diffuses into red blood cells.
It reacts with water inside red blood cells to form hydrogencarbonate ions.
enzyme
CO2 + H2O
+H2O
CO2
enzyme

3. How is carbon dioxide transported by blood?
Carbon dioxide produced diffuses into red blood cells.
It reacts with water inside red blood cells to form hydrogencarbonate ions.
enzyme
CO2 + H2O
H+ + HCO3-
These ions diffuse out of the red blood cells and are transported by plasma to the lungs.
HCO3

4. How is carbon dioxide transported by blood?
When blood reaches the lungs, the ions diffuse into the red blood cells.
HCO3
The ions are broken down to carbon dioxide again.
enzyme
H+ + HCO3-
HCO3

5. How is carbon dioxide transported by blood?
When blood reaches the lungs, the ions diffuse into the red blood cells.
CO2
The ions are broken down to carbon dioxide again.
enzyme
H+ + HCO3-
CO2 + H2O
Then the gas diffuses into the lungs
and then to the atmosphere through expiration.

6. Investigation
To investigate the effect of oxygen and carbon dioxide on citrated chicken blood

7. Why should the blood be citrated?
Ans: This prevents blood clotting from happening.

8. The blood turns bright red. Oxyhaemoglobin is formed.
What happens when oxygen is bubbled through it?

9. What happens when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it?
The blood turns purplish red because oxyhaemoglobin gives up oxygen when carbon dioxide concentration is high.
What happens when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it?

10. To Test a Sample of Blood Plasma (chicken/pig/ox) for glucose
Investigation
To Test a Sample of Blood Plasma (chicken/pig/ox) for glucose

11. Name the supernatant obtained after centrifugation. Ans: It is plasma.
centrifuge
chicken blood
supernatant
Fehling’s solutions A and B
boiling water
Name the supernatant obtained after centrifugation.
Ans: It is plasma.

12. What does the precipitate in the centrifuge tube consist of ?
chicken blood
supernatant
Fehling’s solutions A and B
boiling water
What does the precipitate in the centrifuge tube consist of ?
Ans: The precipitate contains blood cells.

13. Ans: The supernatant forms an orange precipitate.
centrifuge
chicken blood
supernatant
Fehling’s solutions A and B
boiling water
What happens to the supernatant when it is heated with Fehling’s solutions A and B ?
Ans: The supernatant forms an orange precipitate.

14. When will you have more white blood cells in your blood?
1. Phagocytes
During Infection
made in bone marrow
move like Amoeba
squeeze out through the walls of capillaries into the surrounding tissues
irregular in shape
prominent nucleus
engulf pathogens

15. 2. Lymphocytes
made in bone marrow, then migrate to lymph nodes
produce antibodies to attack germs

16. Platelets
Cells fragments budded off from specialized cells in bone marrow
life-span is about 5 to 9 days
agent for initializing blood clotting

17. Blood Clotting
When platelets are damaged in an injury, it releases a chemical substance which starts a chain of reactions:
fibrinogen
fibrin
serum are yellowish fluid which is plasma without fibrinogen

18. Whole Blood Blood Cell (45% by volume) Plasma (55% by volume) Red
Platelets
White
Blood Cell
Dissolved
Substances
90 % Water