1. ORAL PRESENTATIONS

2. What is a presentation?  A public speech given orally to a group on a certain topic  It is not enough to be very knowledgeable  You must also be able to effectively communicate your knowledge

3. Elements of an Oral Presentation  Speaker behavior  Presentation Content  Appropriate  Well organized  Feedback

4. ELEMENTS OF A PRESENTATION Speaker Behavior

5. Some things to pay attention to  Gestures  Voice  Eye Contact  Breathing

6. Gestures  Important in non-verbal communication  Emphasize points  Highlights  Audience attention  Vary gestures  Maybe move around some  Don’t stand in front of your visual aids  Show enthusiasm

7. Voice  Project your voice  Critical part of a verbal presentation  Volume - speak to be heard  Modulation  Vary the voice  Pause  Make emphasis with pauses  Do NOT read!  Seriously. DO NOT READ. It’s boring.

8. More about talking  Speak slowly enough.  Speak clearly.  Look at the audience.  Do NOT speak to your slides or to the chalkboard

9. Eye Contact  Look at each member of your audience  Involvement  Trust/support  Interest  Spontaneous reactions

10. Breathing  Breathing during presentation is different from normal breathing  Breathe deeper  Volume  Control  Emphasis  It is very common to be so nervous that you forget to breathe!  That doesn’t help  Breathing is important for talking

11. Coping with Stage Fright  Note that a little nervousness can help you perform well.  Realize that people will attend to hear your content, not to judge your speaking style.  Prepare well, but do not over-prepare.  Exercise a little.  Beware of too much food, water, or caffeine.

12. Coping with Stage Fright (cont)  Hide physical signs of anxiety.  Realize that a presentation need not be perfect to be excellent.

13. Other things  Don’t apologize  Bad slides, poor preparation, ugly clothes, bad haircut, whatever  Don’t go over time. Ever.

14. ELEMENTS OF A PRESENTATION Presentation Content

15. Appropriateness Presentation Content

16. Who are you talking to?  Consider the audience carefully  How big?  Who?  Level of knowledge?  Level of interest?  Resistance?  Time?

17. Your audience  Remember: People must be able to follow what you say as you say it.  Minimize use of abbreviations/acronyms.  KHI  WHO  Etc.

18. Audience involvement  Speak in less formal terms than the report was written.  Consider involving the audience.  Work creatively with teammates.

19. Organization Presentation Content

20. Preparing an Oral Presentation  Stick to the main point.  Give the presentation a beginning, a middle, and an end.  If feasible, structure the presentation largely as a story.

21. A clear and logical order is the most important thing your presentation can have  A clear and logical order is the most important thing your presentation can have

22. Generic presentation structure  Introduction  Body  Conclusion  Q&A  Feedback

23. Introduction  Attention Getter  It is a good idea to start with an attention getter  Usually something funny or interesting related to your topic  Some sort of audience participation can also work

24. Introduction cont.  Introduce your team/self and your topic  Hello everyone. As you know, we have all (been studying body systems). Today our group will present information on (the skeletal system)  Hello ladies and gentlemen. Did you know that… (Give a surprising piece of information on your topic) ?  So far we have heard about (refer to previous speech topics). I want to increase your knowledge by talking about (introduce your topic).

25. Introduce your group and the main points that each will present  Outline the contents of your report before you give it.  Your audience will have a much easier time understanding  Tell the audience the names of each group member and name the sections each will present

26. Provide a title  Sample:  Today we will tell you about/ inform you about/summarize/report on…  We’ll share with you some of the most important facts about…(state your topic)  Our topic is …. and we hope you’ll learn a lot from our presentation  If someone in your audience is taking notes, this is what you want them to write at the top of the page

27. Body  Break your information up into sections.  Don’t just present facts, present context.  Why this fact is important  What it means  Where it came from  Provide good transitions  Just like conjunctions in a sentence, transitions explain the relationships between the parts  If you just start talking, people will struggle to figure out these relationships before they begin listening

28. Transitions  Between sections, try to have a smooth transition  The audience should not be surprised  The relationship between the two sections must be clear  Sample transition phrases:  Now [Marie] will explain why that is  Moving on, [Jean Pierre] will give a real world example  Now I will talk about…  This situation has several consequences…

29. Conclusion  Sample transitions to the conclusion  In summary/ In conclusion/ Now let me wrap up/ To sum up  Restate your group’s main ideas in slightly different language than your introduction. (Exact repetition can be boring.)

30. A kicker?  Finish with a kicker. At the end of a speech in English, the speaker usually leaves the audience with a memorable last sentence. There are many possibilities for kickers:  A return to the ice-breaker/ attention getter  A personal comment on what your group learned from this project  A reminder to the audience why this information is important  A “look ahead” that suggests how this information will be valuable to the audience later

31. ELEMENTS OF A PRESENTATION Questions & Feedback

32. Evaluation  After every presentation EVALUATE  Did the audience “get” the key points?  Were the visual aids clear and useful?  Were the questions relevant?  When possible use written evaluations

33. Answering Questions  Try to anticipate questions and answer them in your presentation  Perhaps have the moderator or a colleague to ask the first question  Keep answers brief

34. Repeat questions to the audience Paraphrase questions  so that other people hear the question  to check you understand the question  to stall while you think about an answer

35. Answering Questions (cont)  If you don’t know an answer, say so. Perhaps  offer to find out,  suggest how to find out, or  see if somewhat present has the answer.  If a question seems irrelevant, offer to answer it later, or move to a related item.  If a question is hostile, answer politely and briefly; perhaps offer to talk later.

36. Answering Questions (cont)  Make note of questions. Use them to help shape future presentations and publications about the work.

37. USING IMAGES

38. Using images 1. What is it? 2. What parts are important? 3. What does it imply?

39. Quality Visuals  Slides for Effective Communication  Computer Generated Pictures or Figures  Not Too Crowded- Not Too Sparse  Appropriate Size for Easy Reading

40. PowerPoint: Some Guidelines  At most one slide per minute, on average  One theme or idea per slide  Simple and not crowded  Thus, usually no published graphs/tables  Bullet points (not paragraphs) for most text  Large enough lettering to read

41. Compare this slide and the previous one. In general, do not average more than one slide per minute. Limit each slide to one theme or idea. Keep slides simple and not crowded. Thus, beware of using published graphs and tables. In general, use bullet points (not paragraphs) for text. Make sure all lettering is large enough to read.

42. READING FROM NOTES

43. DO NOT READ  Listening to someone read is boring  Having a conversation is interesting  To present written text as a conversation:  First condense it into an outline  Then talk about the outline  When you prepare your presentation, prepare an outline, NOT a full text

44. Exercise: Reducing text to an outline  Extract the main ideas and transitions  Establish a hierarchy.  Use only single words and sentence fragments

45. Exercise: reading from an outline  [T.S.]America needs to reform its policies about immigration, the movement of citizens from other countries to America, because immigration is important to America’s well-being. [1]Immigrants, the people who move to America, keep the American population young, strong, and growing. [2]It is important to treat immigrants well because America is the only developed country whose population is still growing. [3]Its people will be a large and important part of the global population in the future because it will have many people with good, different ideas who can work together.

46. Exercise: reading from an outline  Immigration  Movement of citizens from other countries to America  Important to America's well being  Immigration policy must be reformed  Immigrants People who move to America Keep America strong and growing  Immigrants must be treated well Will make America an important part of the global population The only developed country whose population is growing Provide good, different ideas

47. Example  Introduction  Things that move  Things that walk People Very small rocks  Things that fly Birds Clouds  Things that crawl Snakes Babies  Things that swim Fish Sticks  Summary

48. Example 2  Learning in the Afternoon  Important Time management  Challenges Tired Digestion time Also learned in the morning Consequences  Fall asleep

49. Example 3  Introduction  Sports  Two types Useful Swimming basketball Not useful Walking Running  Conclusion

50. Example 4  Introduction  Water  Three parts Rainwater Surface water types Lakes Rivers Importance Irrigation Transport cooking Underground water Wells Springs  Conclusion

51. Example 5  Introduction  Music & dancing  Types Traditional Songs & poems Found in African countries Attractive to the people Modern European countries Outside Africa, try to bring it in Types Hip hop, R&B, hip hop, etc Gospel  Relaxation & stress reduction

52. HELPFUL TIPS

53. Tips  Presentation day  Arrive early.  Make sure audiovisuals are working.  Practice timing  Try to make the presentation slightly shorter than the allotted time.  Have a friend watch you  They may have suggestions or obvious questions you should have answered

54. PRESENTATION ASSIGNMENT

55. Explanation  You will need to give a 10 to 15 minute presentation  Groups of 5 people  Each speaks for at least 2-3 minutes If that is too long, then talk slower

56. Presentation specifics  Your goal for this oral presentation is to give classmates interesting, current information on a topic related to your area of specialization (e.g., anesthesia, dentistry, medical laboratory sciences, medical imaging, ophthalmology, physiotherapy).  You will discuss topic ideas in class and with your instructor. Then, you are required to research your topic further in the KHI Library or on the internet.  During you speeches, you must provide and refer your sources of information on your topic. Several sources of information must be cited.

57. Presentation specifics pt. 2  Each report in English and must be about 10 minutes, with each member of the group speaking for at 2-3 minutes.  Each student must take reading notes and the group must prepare an outline of your presentation. The reading notes must be taken in outline or list form. Do NOT copy whole sentences from the original article.  The language of your presentation should be conversational. You should NOT read the sentences copied from a book or webpage. You should teach, not read.  If it would be helpful to your explanation, prepare a visual exhibit: diagram(s), or picture(s) to illustrate the subject you are explaining.

58. Presentation specifics pt. 3  The presentation outline should include  Introduction that starts with an attention getter; introduces your topic and group members; tells the audience the main points to be covered by each member in your presentation.  Body: The sections that cover the main points of your topic. each member speaks for about 2-3 minutes on one or more mail ideas.  Conclusion that summarizes the main points of the presentation and reminds the audience of the most important points you want them to remember.

59. Example: Environmental Health Small Group Project Each group should think of a project design to improve public health by reducing the incidence of a common disease in their community. Follow steps 1-6 below. 1. Identify a current prevalent disease in Rwanda. (No more than two groups can choose the same disease.) 2. Try to get some statistics or measurement on the occurrence/incidence of the disease in Rwanda. (Try internet search of WHO.org and/or Rwanda.gov/health) 3. Identify several possible interventions that could reduce incidence of the disease. 4. Discuss in some detail how one intervention could improve the situation. 5. Specify how to measure the difference before and after the intervention is introduced. 6. Present your project design to the class and answer their questions.