1. H ISTORICAL R EVIEW Professor Saad Haj Bakry, PhD, CEng, FIEE N ETWORK A RCHITECTURE

2. C ONTENTS Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review E ARLY C OMMUNICATIONS N ETWORKS L ASER R ADIO / T ELEVISION R ADAR T ELEGRAPH / T ELEPHONE T ECHNIQUES E LECTRONICS S ATELLITES C OMPUTERS T RENDS

3. E ARLY C OMMUNICATIONS P RE- E LECTRICITY: Fire Drums Homing Pigeon Semaphore / Repeaters P RE- E LECTRICITY: Fire Drums Homing Pigeon Semaphore / Repeaters E LECTRICITY: 1826: Ohm ’ s Law 1830 - 1840: Faraday & others: Electromagnetics E LECTRICITY: 1826: Ohm ’ s Law 1830 - 1840: Faraday & others: Electromagnetics Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

4. T ELEGRAPH / T ELEPHONE T ELEGRAPH: 1837: Cooke & Wheatstone (UK) 1844: Morse (USA) 1865: ITU (1947) 1866: Trans-Atlantic T ELEGRAPH: 1837: Cooke & Wheatstone (UK) 1844: Morse (USA) 1865: ITU (1947) 1866: Trans-Atlantic T ELEPHONE: 1876: A. G. Bell 1915: Trans-USA 1926: Trans-Atlantic T ELEPHONE: 1876: A. G. Bell 1915: Trans-USA 1926: Trans-Atlantic Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

5. R ADIO / T ELEVISION R ADIO: 1864: Maxwell 1887: Hertz Marconi Radio: 1897: Telegraph 1898: Telephone 1920: Station R ADIO: 1864: Maxwell 1887: Hertz Marconi Radio: 1897: Telegraph 1898: Telephone 1920: Station T ELEVISION: 1926: Zworykin test 1938: Television Station T ELEVISION: 1926: Zworykin test 1938: Television Station Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

6. R ADAR 1922 : Marconi Principles RA DIO D ETECTION A ND R ANGING 1935 : Watson Watt 1939 - 1945 : 2nd World War Important Development Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

7. S ATELLITES 1950 (s ): T HE M OON, Washington DC-Hawaii: Low Data Rate 1957: S oviet S putnik I, Telemetry Information 1958: US S CORE, President Xmas Message 1965: Early Bird / Intelsat 1, Commercial Use 1962: T ELSTAR, Voice, Picture, Data Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

8. L ASER 1960: Discovery of LASER: Maiman L IGHT A MPLIFICATION BY S TIMULATED E MISSION OF R ADIATION 1966: Optical Fiber: Kao & Hockham / Werts 1980 (s): Practical Use Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

9. E LECTRONICS 1904: DIODE Fleming 1906: TRIODE De Forest 1948: TRANSISTOR 1960(s): SSI / MSI Early 70(s): LSI Late 70(s): VLSI Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

10. T ECHNIQUES 1918 : SUPERHETERODYNE, Armstrong 1920 : SAMPLING, Carson 1933 : Frequency Modulation, Armstrong 1937 : Pulse Code Modulation, Reeves 1948 : Communications Theory, Shannon 1950 : Time Division Multiplexing Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

11. C OMPUTERS 1946 - 1952: E NIAC Project: John Mauchly John Presper John von Neuman Generation 1: Tube Generation 2: Transistor Generation 3: SSI / MSI Generation 4: LSI Generation 5: VLSI Mid 1970(s): Super Computers, Symore Cray Mid 1980(s): Neuro- Net Computers MID 1950(s): Software Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

12. N ETWORKS 1960(s): Computer Networks, SAGE, ARPANET 1980 (s): BITNET, EARN, NETNORTH, GULFNET; Local Area Networks: ETHERNET; Principles: ISDN, BISDN / ATM Late 1970(s): Cellular Networks 1990 (s): INTERNET, INTRANET, EXTRANET. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Historical Review

13. T RENDS D IGITAL I NTEGRATION OF I NFORMATION I NTEGRATION OF N ETWORKS S MALLER / F ASTER E LECTRONICS M ORE I NTELLIGENT S OFTWARE F ASTER O PTICAL L INKS / N EW G ENERATION OF S ATELLITES: LEO Saad Haj Bakry Network ArchitectureHistorical Review