1. Data exclusivity, patents and registration of medicines Karin Timmermans TWN Regional Workshop Kuala Lumpur on bilateral trade agreements Aug. 2005

2. I.Data exclusivity - what is it, and what are its implications? - does TRIPS require it? II.Data exclusivity/linkage in FTAs - what is happening? - what are the options for damage control?

3. Medicines are subject to two sets of rules: Intellectual property rights The right to exclude But not the right to market or to use

4. Medicines are subject to two sets of rules: Intellectual property rights Registration requirements The right to exclude But not the right to market or to use Authorization to put a medicine on the market

5. Medicines are among the most regulated products on the market There are good reasons for the extensive regulatory intervention in pharmaceutical markets

6. Market failure, especially information imbalance between manufacturers, prescribers and consumers; Ineffective or dangerous medicines may undermine confidence in the entire health care system; Money spent on ineffective or dangerous medicines is wasted; Misuse of certain medicines (such as antibiotics) can have serious implications for the individual and for public health. Reasons for regulating medicines:

7. Registration objective: To protect public health by ensuring the quality safety and efficacy of medicines available on the market

8. Registration criteria: Quality – Safety – Efficacy

9. Registration criteria: Quality – Safety – Efficacy Quality control (testing samples) Quality assurance: (procedures, e.g. GMP)

10. Registration criteria: Quality – Safety – Efficacy Preclinical and clinical trials

11. Registration criteria: Quality – Safety – Efficacy Preclinical and clinical trials or Bioequivalence

12. Registration criteria: Quality – Safety – Efficacy Preclinical and clinical trials (original) or Bioequivalence (generics)

13. Data exclusivity: During the data exclusivity period, Authorities may not rely on those data to register generic equivalents.

14. As long as data exclusivity lasts: Generic manufacturers will have to submit their own data to prove safety and efficacy => They will have to repeat the clinical trials and other tests Alternatively, they can only enter the market after expiry of the data exclusivity period

15. When is data exclusivity important?

16. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term 1. NCEs, standard situation:

17. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 1. NCEs, standard situation:

18. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 1. NCEs, standard situation: ? During this period, generics may not be able to enter the market, even when a CL has been issued

19. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity During this period, generics may not be able to enter the market, even when a CL has been issued 1. NCEs, standard situation: ?

20. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 1. NCEs, standard situation: During this period, generics may not be able to enter the market, even when a CL has been issued ?

21. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 1. NCEs, standard situation: During this period, generics may not be able to enter the market, even when a CL has been issued ?

22. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 1. NCEs, standard situation: During this period, generics may not be able to enter the market, even when a CL has been issued ?

23. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 2. Second indication:

24. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 2. Second indication: Registration 2 nd indication

25. Patent Registration; market entry End patent term Data exclusivity 2. Second indication: Data exclusivity Registration 2 nd indication => If data exclusivity is allowed for 2 nd /subsequent indications: additional delay for generic market entry

26. 3. When there is no patent: When the drug is not new No patent law, or patents not granted for pharmaceuticals

27. Article 39.3 Members, when requiring, as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agricultural chemical products which utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed test or other data, the origination of which involves a considerable effort, shall protect such data against unfair commercial use. In addition, Members shall protect such data against disclosure, except where necessary to protect the public, or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use.

28. Article 39.3 Members, when requiring, as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agricultural chemical products which utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed test or other data, the origination of which involves a considerable effort, shall protect such data against unfair commercial use. In addition, Members shall protect such data against disclosure, except where necessary to protect the public, or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use.

29. Article 39.3 Members, when requiring, as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agricultural chemical products which utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed test or other data, the origination of which involves a considerable effort, shall protect such data against unfair commercial use. In addition, Members shall protect such data against disclosure, except where necessary to protect the public, or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use.

30. Undisclosed data about New Chemical Entities should be protected: against unfair commercial use against disclosure

31. Thus: Publication of such data is not allowed, except when necessary to protect the public. Authorities are not to share these data (for instance with generic companies).

32. “Unfair commercial use” Does the Drug Regulatory Authority actually use the data?? - Often not; the DRA may not even have the data; - Even if the DRA does use the data, it is not commercial use.

33. TRIPS Article 39.3 does NOT require data exclusivity, and national laws do not need to provide data exclusivity. Data exclusivity creates additional barriers to access to medicines.

34. ‘Linkage’ means that the DRA cannot register a generic version of a medicine that is still protected by a patent Thus, it indirectly turns a DRA into a ‘patent police’. Another unnecessary barrier to access to medicines is the so-called ‘linkage’.

35. Data exclusivity in FTAs

36. Vietnam Exclusivity V Overview recent US FTAs

37. Vietnam Exclusivity V New indications (v) Overview recent US FTAs

38. VietnamLaos Exclusivity VV New indications (v) Overview recent US FTAs

39. VietnamLaosChile Exclusivity VVV New indications (v) Overview recent US FTAs

40. VietnamLaosChileSingap. Exclusivity VVVV New indications (v) Overview recent US FTAs

41. VietnamLaosChileSingap. Exclusivity VVVV New indications (v) Incl. foreign registration V Overview recent US FTAs

42. VietnamLaosChileSingap. Exclusivity VVVV New indications (v) Incl. foreign registration V Incl. disclosed data V Overview recent US FTAs

43. VietnamLaosChileSingap. Exclusivity VVVV New indications (v) Incl. foreign registration V Incl. disclosed data V Can surpass patent term V Overview recent US FTAs

44. VietnamLaosChileSingap.Australia Exclusivity VVVVV New indications (v) V Incl. foreign registration VV Incl. disclosed data V Can surpass patent term VV “local” definition NCE V Overview recent US FTAs

45. VietnamLaosChileSingap.AustraliaMoroccoCAFTABahrein Exclusivity VVVVVVVV New indications (v) VVV Incl. foreign registration VVVVV Incl. disclosed data VV (v) V Can surpass patent term VVV “local” definition NCE VVVV “waiting period” V Overview recent US FTAs

46. VietnamLaosChileSingap.AustraliaMoroccoCAFTABahrein Exclusivity VVVVVVVV New indications (v) VVV Incl. foreign registration VVVVV Incl. disclosed data VV (v) V Can surpass patent term VVV “local” definition NCE VVVV “waiting period” V Overview recent US FTAs

47. VietnamLaosChileSingap.AustraliaMoroccoCAFTABahrein Exclusivity VVVVVVVV New indications (v) VVV Incl. foreign registration VVVVV Incl. disclosed data VV (v) V Can surpass patent term VVV “local” definition NCE VVVV “waiting period” V Overview recent US FTAs

48. VietnamLaosChileSingap.AustraliaMoroccoCAFTABahrein Exclusivity VVVVVVVV New indications (v) VVV Incl. foreign registration VVVVV Incl. disclosed data VV (v) V Can surpass patent term VVV “local” definition NCE VVVV “waiting period” V Overview recent US FTAs “Linkage” VVVVVV

49. What can countries do – linkage? Follow the European example: refuse any and all type of linkage between registration and patents. Do not ask generic companies to sign statements on patent status or (the absence of) infringement – at most, specify that the company is the sole responsible in case of patent infringement.

50. What can countries do – data exclusivity? No Free Trade Agreement Avoid data exclusivity in the FTA (stick to TRIPS wording) Limit the duration of data exclusivity Limit the scope of exclusivity: - only for NCEs - only for undisclosed data - don’t extend it to foreign registration Create national exemption mechanisms

51. For this to happen (and to be successful) We need to be alert, We need to learn more, We need to learn faster, And we need to talk to and convince our trade negotiators

52. Thank you

53. and good luck!