1. Fractional Dimension! Presentedby Sonali Saha Sarojini Naidu College for Women 30 Jessore Road, Kolkata 700028

2. Fractal ► Objects having self similarity Self similarity means on scaling down the object repeats onto itself Mountain, coastal area, blood vessels, brocouli``

3. On zooming up it repeats onto itself

4. ► On magnification it does not produce any regular shape i.e. any finite combination of 0,1, 2 and 3 dimensional objects In Eucledian geometry we considered some axioms point has 0 dimension line has 1 dimension and so on ……………………

5. How to Quantify dimension? ► Scale down the line by factor 2 No. of copies m=2, scale factor r=2 We can check for r=3; m will be 3

6. Here sale factor r =2 and no. of copies m=4 We can also check for r =3 Then m will be 9 Conclusion: m=r d where d=similarity dimension

7. Scale factor =3 and no. of copies=2 hence It is not an 1D pattern as length goes to zero after infinite no. of steps Not 0D as we cannot filled up the pattern by finite no. of points. ? Middle third cantor set

8. Koch curve

9. Steps to produce Koch Curve

10. Fractals are the objects having fractional dimension. ► In general they are self similar or nearly self similar or having similarity in statistical distributiuon Similarity dimension is not applicable for nearly self similar body

11. Various methods have been proposed where irregularities within a range have ignored and the effect on the result at zero limit has been considered Box dimension is one of them No. of boxes N() = L/ No. of boxes N() = A/ 2

12. For =1/3 ; N=8 Hence

13. d=(ln 13/ln 3)=2.33 Scale factor r= 3; No. of copies = 13

14. Attractors ► Where all neighbouring trajectories converge. It may be a point or line or so on. ► Accordingly it is 0D, 1D and so on…….. ► When it is strongly dependent on initial conditions, ► When it is strongly dependent on initial conditions, they are called Strange Attractors. Strange attractors have fractal pattern Trajectories of Strange attractors remains bound in phase space yet their separation increases exponentially Repeated stretching and folding process is the origin of this interesting behaviour

15. Effect of repeated stretching and folding process ► Dough Flattened and stretch fold Re-inject Repeated stretching and folding process is the origin of this interesting behaviour

16. Effect of the Process

17. S  is the product of a smooth curve with a cantor set. ► The process of repeated stretching and folding produce fractal patterns. we generate a set of very many points {x i ; i=1,2,....n} on the attractor considering the system evolve for a long time. Correlation Dimension

18. fix a point x on the attractor ► N x () is the no. of points inside a ball of radious about x ► N x (  ) is the no. of points inside a ball of radious  about x N x (  ) will increase with increase of  N x (  )   d d is point wise dimension We take average on many x C(  )   d d is correlation dimension

19. There is no unique method to calculate the dimension of fractals Thank You