1. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Evolution of Regional Pattern and Disparities of Chinas Human Development (1982-2003) Hu Angang Center for China Studies Tsinghua University Aug.26-27 th, 2006 IDEAS Shanghai Conference

2. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Main Problems How about Chinas regional human development when studied by international comparison? What progress have various regions in China made over the past two decades? How has the regional pattern of Chinas human development evolved? How have the regional disparities changed in terms of item-by-item factors and in HDI? Do they have similar significant disparities just like the economic development (income) among the eastern, middle and western parts of the country?

3. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Agenda Historical trend of Chinas human development Standards for classifying regional pattern of human development Evolution of the regional pattern of Chinas human development Regional disparities evolution of Chinas human development factors and HDI (health, education & income disparities) Conclusions and Discussion

4. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Historical trend of Chinas Human Development China is the most populous country in the world and also one of the poorest. Yet, it has, over the past century, especially over the past more than 20 years since reform and opening up, not only created economic miracles but also made big progress in human development.

5. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Historical trend of Chinas Human Development Not only has Chinas tremendous achievements in human development been attractive to the world but also its regional disparities in human development. In general, China has achieved astonishing achievements in human development since reform and opening up, but there are still significant regional disparities.

6. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn UNDP s Classification High level (HDI0.80), Medium level (0.80>HDI0.50) Low level (HDI<0.50)

7. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Four Worlds Classification

8. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Evolution of the Regional Pattern

9. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Evolution of the Regional Pattern

10. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Evolution of the Regional Pattern 19822003

11. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Evolution of the Regional Pattern

12. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Regional Disparities in Human Development

13. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Source of regional disparities Health: life expectancy at birth Education: adult literacy ratio and gross enrollment Income: per capita GDP

14. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Health: life expectancy at birth

15. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Education: adult literacy ratio

16. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Education: gross enrollment

17. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Income: per capita GDP

18. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Human development index (HDI)

19. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Source of regional disparities

20. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Conclusions and Discussion The rising human development level is attributable to the steady rise in human development levels in various regions. Chinas regional development has been quite uneven since reform and opening up. In 1982-2003, the regional disparities in Chinas economic development experienced a narrowing- enlarging process while the regional disparities in health and education have been narrowing to varying degrees and so have the disparities in HDI.

21. ccs.tsinghua.edu.cn | anganghu@tsinghua.edu.cn Conclusions and Discussion Target of Chinas well-off society: when Chinas GDP per capita reaches the average level of the world, HDI should reach a high human development level and about 70% of the people entering the 1st world, 20% in the 2nd world and no people would be in the 3rd world. Chinas development model: the income per capita is relatively lower than that of developed countries, but the living of the people have reached a fairly high human development level.