1. 1st Quarter Benchmark Test Review Power Point
U.S. History 1877-Present
1st Quarter Benchmark Test Review Power Point

2. USII.2a: The Great Plains
1. Physical features and climate of the Great Plains:
Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west
Land eroded by wind and water
Frequent dust storms
Low rainfall

3. USII.2a: The Great Plains
2. Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments.
3. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” , but a vast area to be settled.

4. USII.2a: The Great Plains
The 8 inventions/adaptations of the Great Plains:
*barbed wire *beef cattle raising
*steel plows *wheat farming
*dry farming *windmills
*sod houses *railroads

5. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation
Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets by:
a. Moving natural resources such as copper and lead to eastern factories.
b. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in Pittsburgh
c. Transporting finished products to national markets.

6. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation
Three examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population included:
a. Textile in New England (Northeast)
b. Automobile in Detroit (Midwest)
c. Steel in Pittsburgh (Northeast)

7. USII. 2c: States and Regions
States in the Northeast: (9)
Maine Rhode Island
Vermont New York
New Hampshire New Jersey
Connecticut Pennsylvania
Massachusetts

8. USII.2c: States and Regions
States in the Southeast: (14)
Maryland South Carolina
Delaware Georgia
West Virginia Florida
Virginia Alabama
Kentucky Mississippi
Tennessee Louisiana
North Carolina Arkansas

9. USII.2c: States and Regions
States in the Midwest region: (12)
Ohio Iowa
Indiana Missouri
Illinois Kansas
Michigan Nebraska
Wisconsin South Dakota
Minnesota North Dakota

10. USII.2c: States and Regions
States in the Southwest: (4)
Texas
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Arizona

11. USII.2c: States and Regions
States in the Western/Rocky Mountain region: (6)
Colorado Montana
Utah Wyoming
Nevada Idaho

12. USII.2c: States and Regions
12. States in the Pacific region: (3)
Washington
Oregon
California

13. USII.2c: States and Regions
States in the Noncontiguous region: (2)
Alaska
Hawaii

14. USII.2c: States and Regions
Region for each city:
Honolulu: Noncontiguous
New York: Northeast
Los Angeles: Pacific
Washington D.C.: Southeast
Denver: Western/Rocky Mountain
San Antonio: Southwest

15. USII.2c: States and Regions
14. Continued
Chicago: Midwest
Boston: Northeast
Pittsburgh: Northeast
St. Louis: Midwest
Atlanta: Southeast
Philadelphia: Northeast

16. USII.2c: States and Regions
Continued
Juneau: Noncontiguous
Salt Lake City: Western/Rocky Mountain
Detroit: Midwest
New Orleans: Southeast
Santa Fe: Southwest
San Francisco: Pacific
Suffolk: Southeast

17. USII.3a Reconstruction Reconstruction took place after the Civil War.
16. The 13th Amendment banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories.
17. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guarantees them equal protection under the law.

18. USII.3a Reconstruction continued
The 15th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color or previous condition of servitude.
19. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments guarantee equal protection under the law for ALL citizens.

19. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems
Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South.
21. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former enslaved African Americans had achieved.

20. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems
Reconstruction policies and problems included:
Southern military leaders could not hold office.
African Americans could hold public office.
c. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.

21. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued:
d. Northern soldiers supervised the South e. Freedman’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African American in the South. f. Southerners resented northern “carpetbaggers”, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction.

22. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued:
Reconstruction ended with the Election of 1876.
a. Federal troops were removed.
b. Rights that African Americans gained were lost through black codes.

23. USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass
The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting impacts.
25. Abraham Lincoln:
Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation.
Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

24. USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued
Robert E. Lee:
a. Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight.
b. Became president of Washington College which is now known as Washington and Lee University.

25. USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued
Frederick Douglass:
Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights.
b. Had a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.

26. USII.4a Westward Expansion
28. New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

27. USII.4a Westward Expansion
29. The 5 reasons for westward expansion:
*Opportunities for land ownership
*Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad
*Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver
*Adventure
*A new new beginning for former slaves, also called Exodusters.

28. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued
The Impact on American Indians:
a. Opposition by American Indians to westward expansion (Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo).
b. Forced relocation from traditional lands to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce’).
c. Reduced population through warfare and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee).

29. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued
d. Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes, e.g. reduction of buffalo population. e. Reduced their homeland through treaties that were broken. f. American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

30. USII.4a Westward Expansion
g. *Indian policies and wars
-land set aside for Native Americans called reservations
-last victory for the native Americans: Battle of Little Bighorn
-led his people to Canada to escape living on reservations: Chief Joseph

31. Hope for better opportunities
USII.4b: Immigration
31. Reasons for increased immigration were:
Hope for better opportunities
Escape from oppressive governments
Adventure
Religious Freedom

32. USII.4b: Immigration 32. The 3 reasons why cities developed:
*Specialized industries
-steel-Pittsburgh
-meatpacking-Chicago
*Immigration from other countries
*Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

33. USII.4b: Immigration -Thomas Edison
33. Inventions that created great change and industrial growth in the United States:
*lighting and mechanical uses of electricity
-Thomas Edison
*telephone service
-Alexander Graham Bell

34. USII.4b: Immigration
34. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.

35. USII.4b: Immigration
35. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

36. USII.4b: Immigration
36. Inventions had both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE effects on society.

37. USII.4b: Immigration
37. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

38. USII.4b: Immigration
38. Efforts to solve immigration problems included:
*Settlement houses such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams
*Political machines (politicians) that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants

39. USII.4b: Immigration
39. Challenges faced by cities:
*Overcrowded and run-down neighborhoods called tenements and ghettos
*Political corruption by political machines

40. USII.4b: Immigration -Irish 40. *Discrimination against immigrants:
-Chinese
-Irish

41. USII.4c: Jim Crow
41. Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction.
42. Racial segregation is:
*based upon race
*directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated

42. USII.4c: Jim Crow
43. “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans. Although these laws were legal in many communities and states, they were enforced primarily in the Southeast region.

43. USII.4c: Jim Crow
44. “Jim Crow” laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

44. USII.4c: Jim Crow 45.African American responses included:
*Booker T. Washington
-believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation
*W.E.B. Du Bois
-believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

45. USII.4d: Big Business
46. Between the Civil War and WWI, the United states was transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

46. USII.4d: Big Business
47. The 4 Reasons for the Rise and Prosperity of Big Business:
*National markets created by transportation advances
*Captains of Industry:
John D. Rockefeller, Oil
Andrew Carnegie, Steel
Henry Ford, Automobile
Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping & Railroads
*Advertising
*Lower-cost production

47. USII.4d: Big Business
48.The 4 factors resulting in the growth of industry:
*Access to raw materials and energy
*Availability of the work force
*Inventions
*Financial resources provided by the
captains of industry

48. *Railroads *Oil *Steel USII.4d: Big Business
49. Examples of Big Business:
*Railroads
*Oil
*Steel

49. USII.4d: Big Business
50. Industrialization and the rise in big business influenced life on American farms by:
*Mechanization (the reaper) which reduced farm labor needs and increased production
*Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs
*Industrialization provided access to consumer goods, such as mail order

50. USII.4e Progressive Movement
51. Negative effects of Industrialization:
Child Labor
Low wages and long hours
Unsafe working conditions

51. USII.43 Progressive Movement
52. Rise of organized labor:
Formation of Unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor
Strikes: Aftermath of Homestead Strike

52. USII.4e Progressive Movement
53. Progressive Movement workplace reforms
Improved safety conditions
Reduced work hours
Placed restrictions on child labor

53. USII.4e Progressive Movement
54. Women’s Suffrage:
Increased educational opportunities
Attained voting rights
*Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America
*Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage.

54. USII.4e Progressive Movement
55. Temperance movement
Composed of groups opposed to the making, transport and sale of alcoholic beverages.
Supported the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the manufacture, transport and sale of alcoholic beverages.

55. Study and do your
VERY BEST!