1. Animal Farm
Notes

2. Internal Conflicts in Animal Farm
There is a lack of internal conflict among animals whose doubts and disillusions are so easily smoothed over.

3. External Conflicts in Animal Farm
Conflicts exist
between the animals,
between the animals and the humans, and
between the animals and the elements.

4. Major Conflicts The animals vs. Mr. Jones Snowball vs. Napoleon
Common animals vs. the pigs
Animal Farm vs. the neighboring farms

5. All of them are the expressions of underlying tension between the exploited and exploiting classes and between the lofty ideals and harsh realities of socialism.

6. Animal Farm as an Allegory
Represents Russia’s political history from around 1917 to 1943.

7. Begins with the Russian Revolution then follows the establishment of the Soviet Union and the descent of a revolutionary ideal into a repressive regime.

8. Most locations can be transplanted into the historical context of Animal Farm.
Animal Farm = Russia
Mr. Jones = Czar Nicholas II
Old Major = Vladimir Lenin
Snowball = Leon Trotsky
Napoleon = Joseph Stalin (revolutionary who becomes dictator)

9. Mr. Frederick = Adolf Hitler (or Germany)
Mr. Pilkington = Winston Churchill (Britain)
Pigs = privileged class (Bolsheviks or Reds)
Farmhouse = the Kremlin (originally the palace of the Czars which becomes the center of the Soviet government)

10. The Rebellion = the October Revolution
Squealer = Pravda, the official newspaper of Communist propaganda
Boxer = the loyal workers, also known as the proletariat
“Beasts of England” = “L’Internationale”
The wild animals = the muzhiks, or peasants

11. Moses = Russian Orthodox Church
Mollie = the White Russians (the opposition to the Bolsheviks or Reds)
Hoof and horn flag = hammer and sickle flag of the soviet Union
The Battle of the Cowshed = the Allied invasion of

12. The trials of the animals = Moscow Purge Trials, 1936 through 1938
The windmill = the five-year plans
The 9 dogs = the Cheka, or secret police
Revolt of the hens = peasant revolts in 1920

13. Karl Marx
Journalist who wrote The Communist Manifesto, a pamphlet outlining Marx’s ideas about government and economics, including his belief that pure communism would be the inevitable outcome of human history.

14. Karl Marx cont’d
To summarize a major tenet of his philosophy, Marx stated,
“From each according to his abilities, to each according to his need.”

15. What led to the Russian Revolution?
The writings of Karl Marx
Increasing economic hardship
The injustices of the czars which inspired widespread revolting

16. Details of the Russian Revolution
On March 15, 1917, Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and later executed along with his family, and a provisional government of revolutionaries assumed leadership.

17. 7 months later, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew this provisional government. They renamed themselves the Russian Communist Party (otherwise known as the Reds)

18. A power struggle began between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
After Lenin died
A power struggle began between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin

19. Leon Trotsky Strict Marxist
Talented party organizer who played an important role in the Russian Revolution
Following a struggle, he was exiled in 1928.

20. Joseph Stalin Secretary general of the Communist Party
Favored a modified form of Marxism
After skillful maneuvering, became dictator of the Soviet Union.

21. Stalin Continued His men later assassinated Trotsky in Mexico.
Instituted a totalitarian dictatorship and a series of 5-year plans to increase economic growth.

22. Ordered the collective farms to give most of their products to the government for export to raise money for his program of Soviet industrialization.

23. Nearly 8 million people who were thought to be disloyal were arrested, tried, and sent off to labor camps, deported or executed.

24. Themes of Animal Farm 1. The corruptive nature of power.
Orwell shows how both the leaders and the followers in a society can act in ways that destroy freedom and equality. This theme is best seen when Napoleon becomes a tyrant more oppressive than Mr. Jones.

25. 2. The oppressed tightening the noose of oppression.
Orwell illustrates the limiting of individual freedom through the ignorance, inertia, or misplaced loyalty of the animals. This is best seen through Boxer, who proclaims, “If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right.”

26. 3.Tyranny distorting history and language.
Orwell shows how propaganda techniques like those practiced by Squealer and accepted by the animals are used to justify a tyrant’s decisions and actions.

27. It undermines people’s faith in their own judgment so they become willing to accept tyrant’s explanations uncritically.