1. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety Matthias Roetting, Ph.D. Eye Movement Analyses 2005 TRB Workshop Development of Standardized Descriptions of Driving Simulator Scenarios: Human Factors Considerations

2. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Eye video example

3. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From 7. Political and societal organization of work 6. Forms of industrial relations and organization 5. Forms of cooperation in groups and human relations 4. Forms and types of work and personal activity (individual work) 3. Subtasks and workplaces 3.1 Functional means of a person 3.2 Purpose oriented subsystems 2. Operations with tools and working means 2.1 Biological and psychological basics 2.2 Technical basics of work design 1. Vegetative systems and environmental factors 1.1 Anatomy and physiology of autonomous body functions 1.2 Physical and chemical basics of work environment Level concept of ergonomics Eye tracking Luczak et al., 1987

4. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Level Focus 7Use of analytical knowledge from task analysis for societal purposes 6Inner-company and intercompany organizational determination of task structures 5Task structure and group organization 4Combination of tasks to a job 3Single- and multitasks in human-machine interaction 2Time consumption 1Physiological costs Level Focus 7Use of analytical knowledge from task analysis for societal purposes 6Inner-company and intercompany organizational determination of task structures 5Task structure and group organization 4Combination of tasks to a job 3Single- and multitasks in human-machine interaction 2Time consumption 1Physiological costs Models guiding task analysis Luczak, 1997

5. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Blood vessels on the Retina Retinal after image Corneo-retinal potential Curvature of the Cornea Limbus Pupil Cornea reflex, 1. Purkinje image 2. and 3. Purkinje image4. Purkinje image Reflection of the retina Principals of eye movement registration

6. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Principals of EMR Electro-Oculogram (EOG)

7. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Principals of EMR Limbus tracking Video-based methods Illuminators Optics Module

8. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Eye/gaze movement parameters eye movements raw data saccade

9. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Eye/gaze movement parameters eye movements raw data saccade duration width v max a max skew start point end point fixation

10. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Fixation durations ms

11. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Eye/gaze movement parameters eye movements raw data saccade duration width v max a max skew start point end point fixation duration position visual field gaze movements object Aobject C object Bobject C object D Transition appearance of object C t saccadic latency start search for object D search time gaze duration position

12. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Level 1 - Determination of physiological costs  Changes in arousal  Fatigue and vigilance  Changes in visual field  Changes due to secondary task  “Cost” of moving the eye Level 2 - Explanation, calculation and prediction of times  Duration of information acquisition and information processing  Duration of transitions  Duration of search Level 3 - Analysis of human-machine-interaction  Analysis of spatial layout  Analysis of search processes  Analysis of information acquisition and information processing  Analysis of levels of processing Level 1 - Determination of physiological costs Level 2 - Explanation, calculation and prediction of times Level 3 - Analysis of Human-Machine-Interaction Level 1 - Determination of physiological costs Level 2 - Explanation, calculation and prediction of times Level 3 - Analysis of Human-Machine-Interaction Eye/gaze movement parameters

13. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Level 1: Changes in arousal Mental arithmetic –Identical set of three-digit numbers (e.g. 526) u Easy: dividable by 4? u Difficult: dividable by 3 and/or 4? –Mean fixation duration u Easy: 792 ms u Difficult: 1,504 ms u Increases with difficulty Mental arithmetic –Identical set of three-digit numbers (e.g. 526) u Easy: dividable by 4? u Difficult: dividable by 3 and/or 4? –Mean fixation duration u Easy: 792 ms u Difficult: 1,504 ms u Increases with difficulty Driving “Rejection of the environment” “Environmental intake” Decreases with difficulty

14. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Level 1: Secondary task influence Harris et al., 1982 Entropy-Rate n Degree of regularity or randomness of the viewing behavior n Based on the first order (pairs of fixations) and sometimes the second order (triples of fixations) transition frequencies n The entropy rate of the Conventional VSI w/o secondary task is equal to the Vertical VSI with a secondary task every 22 seconds Secondary task.045

15. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Level 2: duration of inf. acquisition Fairclough et al., 1993

16. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Relative number of fixations Outside view time viewed 90 % Cockpit time viewed 5 % Right mirror 1.5 % Left mirror 0.5 %

17. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Level 3: Analysis of spatial layout 3.9 7.2 7.7 3.6 3.9 Major transition frequencies 3.1 2.3 1.1 1.2

18. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From Statistical analysis of transition frequencies Level 3: Information acquisition cf. Ellis & Smith, 1986

19. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From n I look forward to your questions n Contact: Matthias Roetting, Ph.D. Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety 71 Frankland Road Hopkinton, MA 01748 Phone: (508) 497-0237 Email:matthias.roetting@libertymutual.com matthias@roetting,de Web:www.libertymutual.com/research/ www.roetting.de n I look forward to your questions n Contact: Matthias Roetting, Ph.D. Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety 71 Frankland Road Hopkinton, MA 01748 Phone: (508) 497-0237 Email:matthias.roetting@libertymutual.com matthias@roetting,de Web:www.libertymutual.com/research/ www.roetting.de The End?

20. R e s e a r c h t o R e a l i t y TM From “Helping people live safer, more secure lives.” Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety