1. Theories of Personality Erikson Chapter 9

2. Outline Overview of Post-Freudian Theory Overview of Post-Freudian Theory Biography of Erickson Biography of Erickson The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory Stages of Psychosocial Development Stages of Psychosocial Development Erickson’s Method of Investigation Erickson’s Method of Investigation Related Research Related Research Concept of Humanity Concept of Humanity

3. Biography of Erickson Born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902 Born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902 does not feel accepted does not feel accepted Leaves home at 18 Leaves home at 18 Anna Freud Anna Freud Graduates from Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute Graduates from Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute Lacking an academic degree Lacking an academic degree Taught at Yale, Berkeley, and several other institutions Taught at Yale, Berkeley, and several other institutions Professor of Human Development at Harvard in 1960 Professor of Human Development at Harvard in 1960 Died in Cape Cod in 1994 Died in Cape Cod in 1994

4. Overview of Post-Freudian Theory Intended to Extend Freud’s Assumptions Intended to Extend Freud’s Assumptions

5. The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory Three Interrelated Aspects of the Ego: 1. Body ego 2. Ego ideal 3. Ego Identity Society’s Influence Society’s Influence Epigenetic Principle Epigenetic Principle

6. Stages of Psychosocial Development Basic Points of Stage Approach Basic Points of Stage Approach growth growth interaction of opposites interaction of opposites conflict conflict psychopathology at a later stage psychopathology at a later stage stages are also biological stages are also biological adolescence on adolescence on personality development involves identity crisis personality development involves identity crisis

7. Stages of Psychosocial Development Infancy Infancy Oral-Sensory Mode Oral-Sensory Mode Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust Early Childhood Early Childhood Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

8. Stages of Psychosocial Development Play Age Play Age Initiative versus Guilt Initiative versus Guilt School Age School Age Latency Latency Industry versus Inferiority Industry versus Inferiority

9. Stages of Psychosocial Development Adolescence Adolescence Identity versus Identity Confusion Identity versus Identity Confusion Young Adulthood Young Adulthood Intimacy versus Isolation Intimacy versus Isolation

10. Stages of Psychosocial Development (cont’d) Adulthood Adulthood Generativity versus Stagnation Generativity versus Stagnation Old Age Old Age Integrity versus Despair Integrity versus Despair

11. Erickson’s Method of Investigation Anthropological Studies Anthropological Studies Psychohistory Psychohistory

12. Related Research Generativity and Life Changes Generativity and Life Changes Generativity and Parenting Generativity and Parenting

13. Concept of Humanity Determinism vs. Free Choice Determinism vs. Free Choice Optimism vs. Pessimism Optimism vs. Pessimism Causality vs. Teleology Causality vs. Teleology Unconscious vs. Conscious Unconscious vs. Conscious Culture vs. Biology Culture vs. Biology Uniqueness vs. Similarity Uniqueness vs. Similarity

14. Theories of Personality Maslow Chapter 10 ©Bettman/Corbis

15. Outline  Overview of Holistic-Dynamic Theory  Biography of Maslow  Maslow’s View of Motivation  Self-Actualization  Philosophy of Science  The Jonah Complex  Psychotherapy  Concept of Humanity

16. Biography of Maslow  Born in New York City in 1908  Oldest of seven children  animosity toward mother  Received a PhD in 1934  Returns to New York in 1935  influenced by Adler, Fromm, and Horney  President of American Psychological Association 1967-1968  Died in 1970 of a heart attack

17. “What I had reacted against and totally hated and rejected was not only her physical appearance, but also her values and world view, her stinginess, her total selfishness, her lack of love for anyone else in the world, even her own husband and children.. Her assumption that anyone was wrong who disagreed with her, her lack of concern for her grandchildren, her lack of friends, her sloppiness and dirtiness, her lack of family feeling for her own parents and siblings.. I’ve always wondered where my Utopianism, ethical stress, humanism, stress on kindness, love, friendship and all the rest came from. I knew certainly of the direct consequences of having no mother-love. But the whole thrust of my life philosophy and all my research and theorizing also has its roots in a hatred for and revulsion against everything she stood for.”

18. Overview of Holistic-Dynamic Theory Whole Person Motivation Whole Person Motivation People Have Potential to Grow People Have Potential to Grow Lower Level Needs Must Be Satisfied first Lower Level Needs Must Be Satisfied first

19. Maslow’s View of Motivation Holistic Holistic Complex Complex Continually Motivated Continually Motivated Motivated by the Same Basic Needs Motivated by the Same Basic Needs Needs - Hierarchy Needs - Hierarchy

20. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (original five-stage model) Biological and Physiological needs basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. Safety needs protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc Esteem needs achievement, status, responsibility, reputation Belongingness and Love needs family, affection, relationships, work group, etc Self-actualisation personal growth and fulfilment © alan chapman 2001-4, based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Not to be sold or published. More free online training resources are at www.businessballs.com. Alan Chapman accepts no liability.www.businessballs.com

21. Adapted 8 level Hierarchy of Needs diagram, based on Maslow's theory Biological and Physiological needs basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. Safety needs protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc Aesthetic needs beauty, balance, form, etc Cognitive needs knowledge, meaning, self-awareness Esteem needs achievement, status, responsibility, reputation Belongingness and Love needs family, affection, relationships, work group, etc Self-actualisation personal growth, self-fulfilment © design alan chapman 2001-4 - adapted by persons unknown based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Not to be sold or published. More free online training resources are at www.businessballs.com. Sole risk with user. Author accepts no liability.www.businessballs.com Transcendence helping others to self-actualise

22. General Discussion of Needs Reversed Order of Needs Reversed Order of Needs Unmotivated Behaviour Unmotivated Behaviour Expressive and Coping Behavior Expressive and Coping Behavior Deprivation of Needs Deprivation of Needs Instinctoid Nature of Needs Instinctoid Nature of Needs Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs

23. Self-Actualization Criteria for Self-Actualization Free from psychopathology Free from psychopathology Progressed through hierarchy of needs Progressed through hierarchy of needs Embracing of the B-values Embracing of the B-values Full use of talents, capacities, and potentialities Full use of talents, capacities, and potentialities Values of Self-Actualizers Values of Self-Actualizers

24. Self-Actualization (cont’d) Characteristics Characteristics More efficient perception of reality More efficient perception of reality Acceptance of self, others, and nature Acceptance of self, others, and nature Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness Problem-centering Problem-centering The need for privacy The need for privacy Autonomy Autonomy Continued freshness of appreciation Continued freshness of appreciation The peak experience The peak experience

25. Self-Actualization (cont’d) Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People (cont’d) Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People (cont’d) Gemeinschaftsgefuhl Gemeinschaftsgefuhl Profound interpersonal relations Profound interpersonal relations The democratic character structure The democratic character structure Discrimination between means and ends Discrimination between means and ends Philosophical sense of humor Philosophical sense of humor Creativeness Creativeness Resistance to enculturation Resistance to enculturation Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization

26. Philosophy of Science humanistic, holistic approach humanistic, holistic approach importance of individual procedures importance of individual procedures values, emotion, and ritual values, emotion, and ritual

27. The Jonah Complex fear of being or doing one’s best fear of being or doing one’s best false humility to stifle creativity false humility to stifle creativity prevent themselves from becoming self-actualizing prevent themselves from becoming self-actualizing

28. Concept of Humanity Free Choice vs. Determinism Free Choice vs. Determinism Optimism vs. Pessimism Optimism vs. Pessimism Teleology vs. Causality Teleology vs. Causality Conscious vs. Unconscious Conscious vs. Unconscious Culture vs. Biology Culture vs. Biology Uniqueness vs. Similarity Uniqueness vs. Similarity

29. Movie Questions 1) Which of Erikson’s stages was Chuck at when he landed on the island? 2) Do you think he reverted back to any of Erikson’s earlier stages? If so, when? 3) Did Chuck progress through Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in order? Examples 4) When did Chuck’s personality become evident? 5) Do we need another person around us to have a “personality”?

30. Theories of Personality Rogers Chapter 11 ©Carl Rogers Memorial Library, Center for the Studies of the Person

31. Outline Overview of Person-Centered Theory Overview of Person-Centered Theory Biography of Rogers Biography of Rogers Person-Centered Theory Person-Centered Theory Psychotherapy Psychotherapy The Person of Tomorrow The Person of Tomorrow Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Science The Chicago Study The Chicago Study Concept of Humanity Concept of Humanity

32. Biography of Rogers Born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1902 Born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1902 Fourth of six children Fourth of six children Briefly attends seminary Briefly attends seminary Turned to psychology Turned to psychology nearly a dozen years working as a clinician nearly a dozen years working as a clinician Published The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child in 1939. Published The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child in 1939. Ohio State University in 1940 Ohio State University in 1940 President of American Psychological Association 1946-1947 President of American Psychological Association 1946-1947 Published Client-Centered Therapy in 1951 Published Client-Centered Therapy in 1951 In 1964, moves to California In 1964, moves to California Died in 1987 following surgery on broken hip Died in 1987 following surgery on broken hip

33. Overview of Person-Centered Theory Grew Out Experiences Grew Out Experiences Called for Empirical Research Called for Empirical Research Not Comfortable with Notion of Theory Not Comfortable with Notion of Theory Never Systematically Reformulated Theory of Personality Never Systematically Reformulated Theory of Personality

34. Person-Centered Theory Basic Assumptions Basic Assumptions The Self and Self-Actualization The Self and Self-Actualization Awareness Awareness Needs Needs Barriers to Psychological Health Barriers to Psychological Health Conditions of worth Conditions of worth Incongruence Incongruence Defensiveness Defensiveness Disorganization Disorganization

35. The Person of Tomorrow Psychologically healthy people are: Psychologically healthy people are: Adaptable Adaptable Open Open Live in the moment Live in the moment Harmonious Harmonious Integrated Integrated Trust Trust Richness in life Richness in life

36. Philosophy of Science begins and ends with subjective experience begins and ends with subjective experience involved with phenomena being studied involved with phenomena being studied perceive patterns among phenomena perceive patterns among phenomena communicate findings communicate findings but this communication is subjective but this communication is subjective

37. The Chicago Study Hypotheses: Hypotheses: 1. Clients will become more aware of their feelings and experiences 2. The gap between the real self and the ideal self will lessen 3. Clients’ behaviour will become more socialized

38. The Chicago Study (cont’d) Method Method Q sort technique (congruence between real & ideal selves) Q sort technique (congruence between real & ideal selves) adults who sought therapy adults who sought therapy half the participants to wait 60 days before receiving therapy. half the participants to wait 60 days before receiving therapy. tested a control group of “normals” tested a control group of “normals”

39. The Chicago Study (cont’d) Findings Findings The therapy group—but not the control group—showed a lessening of the gap between real self and ideal self The therapy group—but not the control group—showed a lessening of the gap between real self and ideal self Clients who improved during therapy—but not those rated as least improved—showed changes in social behavior, as noted by their friends Clients who improved during therapy—but not those rated as least improved—showed changes in social behavior, as noted by their friends Was not successful in bringing clients to “fully functioning person” – psych. health Was not successful in bringing clients to “fully functioning person” – psych. health

40. The Chicago Study (cont’d) Summary of Results Summary of Results Therapy group did demonstrate growth Therapy group did demonstrate growth Retained improvement during follow-up Retained improvement during follow-up BUT - did not attain the level of psychological health in the control group BUT - did not attain the level of psychological health in the control group

41. Concept of Humanity Free Choice vs. Determinism Free Choice vs. Determinism Optimism vs. Pessimism Optimism vs. Pessimism Teleology vs. Causality Teleology vs. Causality Uniqueness vs. Similarity Uniqueness vs. Similarity Conscious vs. Unconscious Conscious vs. Unconscious Social Influence vs. Biology Social Influence vs. Biology