1. Introduction to Historical Perspectives Ms. Simon September 11, 2010

2. Today’s Agenda: 1) Attendance 2) Homework Buddies 3) Class Positions 4) Useful Course Websites 5) Textbook Distribution 6) Introduction to Historical Perspectives

3. Do Now Draw a line and label one end science and the opposite end humanitiesDraw a line and label one end science and the opposite end humanities Where would psychology fall?Where would psychology fall?_______________________________ Hard Sciences Humanities (Chemistry, Physics) (Chemistry, Physics) (Philosophy, Art)

4. Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior Science includes:

5. AIM: What are the historical roots of psychology?

6. I. Historical Origins Etm: psych: Soul or breath of lifeEtm: psych: Soul or breath of life A. Mind-body dualism: Proposed by SocratesProposed by Socrates and Plato Mind is Separate fromMind is Separate from the Body

7. B. Aristotle Knowledge is acquired through scientific methodsKnowledge is acquired through scientific methods Monism- the mind and body are oneMonism- the mind and body are one

8. B. Renee Descartes “Cogito ergo sum”“Cogito ergo sum” The interaction between brain and body occurs in the pineal glandThe interaction between brain and body occurs in the pineal gland

9. Franz Joseph Gall Phrenology= mental abilities are located in specific regions of the brainPhrenology= mental abilities are located in specific regions of the brain

10. Summary: Who said: “The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds true of particular parts of the soul?”Who said: “The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds true of particular parts of the soul?” Psychology is the _________________Psychology is the _________________ The idea that the mind is separate from the body is known as __________ _____________The idea that the mind is separate from the body is known as __________ _____________ Phrenology was studied by _____________?Phrenology was studied by _____________?

11. Historical Perspectives Ms. Simon September 14, 2010

12. Do Now: Prop up name tag. Prop up name tag. Take out homework from last night. Discuss answers with your neighborTake out homework from last night. Discuss answers with your neighbor What is meant by the “blank slate” theory of consciousness?What is meant by the “blank slate” theory of consciousness?

13. Nature or nurture?

14. AIM: What is the history of psychology?

15. Wave 1: Introspection

16. (1879) Wilhelm Wundt sets up first psychology laboratory in Germany(1879) Wilhelm Wundt sets up first psychology laboratory in Germany Very influential psychologistVery influential psychologist Proposes structuralismProposes structuralism- –Breaks consciousness into structures –mind combines subjective emotions and objective sensations

17. Wave 1: Introspection Example: bright red color (sensation) and frustration (emotion) leads to angerExample: bright red color (sensation) and frustration (emotion) leads to anger

18. Wave 1: Introspection Student Edward Titchner brought science of psychology to U.S.Student Edward Titchner brought science of psychology to U.S. Introspection:Introspection: subjects record cognitive reactions to simple stimuli (Branch of Structuralism)

24. Why might introspection be considered “unscientific?” SubjectiveSubjective Self reports are not accurateSelf reports are not accurate Words may have different meanings to usWords may have different meanings to us Many confounding variablesMany confounding variables

25. William James William James (1890) writes the Principles of PsychologyWilliam James (1890) writes the Principles of Psychology Rejects structuralismRejects structuralism Introduces FunctionalismIntroduces Functionalism

26. Functionalism Studies how cognitive structures evolved function to enable an organism to adapt and surviveStudies how cognitive structures evolved function to enable an organism to adapt and survive Examples: nose, consciousnessExamples: nose, consciousness

27. Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology

28. Wave Two: Gestalt Founder: Max WertheimerFounder: Max Wertheimer German word Gestalt meaning “form” or “whole”German word Gestalt meaning “form” or “whole” Examines consciousness as total experience, rather than divide into different partsExamines consciousness as total experience, rather than divide into different parts

31. AP PSYCHOLOGY: Contemporary Approaches and Methods September 15, 2010

32. Subfields of Psychology Basic Psychology Applied Psychology

33. Psychiatry

34. AIM: What are the contemporary perspectives in psychology?

35. WAVE THREE: Psychodynamic

36. Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939) is the founder Unconscious thought is in conflict with conscious behavior Defense mechanisms- repress unconscious

37. Psychodynamic Approach Psychoanalysis Free Association Dream Interpretation

38. 1) Psychodynamic Perspective Psychotherapy uncovers unconscious desires or impulses, focus on childhood

39. WAVE Four: Behaviorism

40. Behavioral Approach US in 1900’s John B Watson (late 1800’s) founder of Behaviorism Believes any behavior can be shaped and controlled

41. Behavioral Approach

42. 2. Behavioral Perspective Early Behaviorism – psychology should 1) be an objective science 2) study behavior without reference to mental processes

43. 2. Behavioral Perspective The study of observable behavior (no mental processes) Explains psychology by principles of learning *How does the behavioral perspective differ from the psychoanalytical perspective?

44. 3. Biological Approach Thought and behavior influenced by genes, hormones and neurotransmitters 1) Psychobiology- Mind and body are Interrelated 2) Evolutionary- behaviors evolved Because they were advantageous DRUGS!!!

45. 4. Cognitive Approach Emphasizes how people think AND interpret as the basis for understanding human behavior, Emerges in the 1960’s in response to behaviorism Combines computer science, neurology, linguistics, and philosophy Serial vs. Parallel Processing http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php

46. 5. Sociocultural Approach Focuses on human activity in a social context How do thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures?

47. 6. Humanist Approach Emphasizes the potential for individual growth and self-awareness Carl Rogers- focuses ones self-concept, or how a person defines their own reality -Self-concept is a strive for self-actualization

48. Humanist Approach

49. AP Psychology Ms. Simon September 17-24, 2009 Introduction to Research Methods

50. Do Now: 1)What are the 6 contemporary perspectives in psychology?

51. 5. Sociocultural Approach Focuses on human activity in a social context How do thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures?

52. 6. Humanistic Approach Emphasizes the potential for individual growth and self-awareness Carl Rogers- focuses ones self-concept, or how a person defines their own reality -Self-concept is a strive for self-actualization= the highest state of being

53. Humanist Approach

54. Overconfidence Our tendency to overestimate how well we can predict different situations We rely on our own judgments rather than hard facts

55. Hindsight Bias The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it “I knew it all along!”

56. AIM: How is descriptive research conducted in psychology?

57. Subfields of Psychology Basic Research- research to expand scientific knowledge Applied Research research put into practice as therapist, or to solve practical problems Psychiatry- a medical field- deals with mental disorders- prescribe medication

58. Scientific Theories Set of principles that organize and predict behaviors or events Link observed facts Imply hypotheses that offer testable predictions

59. There are three main types of research methods in psychology: 1)Descriptive- using observations to make generalizations a) Naturalistic b) Case Study c) Survey method 2) Correlational 3) Experimental

60. Naturalistic Observation Observe subjects in natural habitats without interacting

61. Naturalistic Observation ProsCons 1. Realistic1. No manipulation of variables 2. Inexpensive2. Observer Bias- Influence on interpretations based on the observer’s expectations 3. Few Ethical Consideration

62. Descriptive Study : b) Case Study- psychologists study one individual in great depth in hopes of revealing universal principles

63. Case Study Pros Detailed information Unusual Cases Inexpensive Few ethical considerations

64. The Problem with the Case Study : An individual may be atypical Cannot generalize results Difficult to Manipulate Variables Difficult to quantify data

65. c. Survey Method Relies on questions answered by a group of people in interviews or questionnaires

66. Survey Method Experimenter must identify the population to study Random sampling picking members from a population randomly to ensure a representative sample

67. Survey Method ProsCons Can gather lots of data Honest answers? Few ethical considerations Need many participants Inexpensive Wording Effects

68. In a study by AMNH, 88% of all respondents said that they were interested in plants and trees, but only 39% said they were interested in botany. One out of five Americans (22 percent) doubted that the Holocaust had occurred. 12% said they weren’t sure

69. What to Watch for… Order of choices Is the time frame specified? How personal or direct is the wording? Is there a cultural bias?

70. Correlational Studies Correlational studies assess the association between two or more characteristics of interest without ascribing causes Is a correlational study an experiment?

71. Correlation coefficient Example: R= +.37

72. Correlational Studies