1. 1. “Psychology’s intellectual parents were the disciplines of
Philosophy and
Physiology”

2. 2. a. Wilhelm Wundt
Psych’s primary focus should be the scientific study of conscious experience
Focus on the mind and mental processes
Established the first formal laboratory for research in psych (1879) and wrote extensively

3. 2. b. G. Stanley Hall Also studied consciousness
Established America’s first research laboratory
Launched America’s first psychology journal
Helped established the American Psychological Association (APA)

4. 2. c. Edward Tichener
Believed you must analyze consciousness by breaking it into its basic elements
Used the technique of introspection – systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience
Leading proponent of the “structuralist” approach

5. 2. d. William James
Believed psychology should study the function of consciousness, rather than its structure (functionalism)
Said you must look at the flow or stream of consciousness
Influenced by Darwin (natural selection)
Wrote one of the most influential texts – Principles of Psychology (1890)

8. 2. e. Mary Whiton Calkins First woman to serve as president of the APA
Never given her Ph.D. although she fulfilled all of the requirements at Harvard

9. 2. f. Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell, 1894)
Wrote The Animal Mind (1908), an influential text in the then new behaviorist approach

10. 2. g. Leta Stetter Hollingworth
Did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children
Helped disprove theories explaining why women were “inferior” to men

11. 2. h. John B. Watson
Believed psychology should study only observable behavior, NOT thoughts, wishes, and feelings
Believed the environment (nurture) is the most important factor influencing development and behavior
Helped further establish psychology as a science through use of controlled experiments with animal and human subjects

13. 2. i. Sigmund Freud
The unconscious exerts a great influence on behavior
Dreams are a path to the unconscious
Psychological disturbances are largely caused by unconscious conflicts, including sexual conflicts
Controversial view, but extremely influential

14. 2. j. B.F. Skinner
Followed Watson’s focus on observable behavior and the power of environmental factors
Behavior can be controlled based on the consequences offered
Free will is an illusion
Helped build behaviorism as the dominant school of thought in psychology

15. 3. What are the major differences between the ideas of structuralism and functionalism?
Structuralism was interested in the parts or elements of consciousness
Functionalism was interested in the purpose of consciousness