1. Prologue: The Story of Psychology

2. Psychology Roots Behavior and Mental Process Definition of Psychology:
the science that seeks to understand behavior and mental processes, and to apply that understanding to the service of human welfare

3. Psychology Roots The word “Psychology” comes from the Greek
Psyche: meaning mind or soul
Logos: meaning study of

4. Psychology Roots Science:
psychology is based on empirically collected data, NOT hunches
Behavior:
any action we can record and measure
Mental Processes:
cognitive activities, sensation, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, feelings

5. Psychology Roots The Goals of Psychology Observe Behavior
Describe Behavior
Explain Behavior
Predict Behavior
Control Behavior

6. Prescientific Psychology
Ancient Greece
Socrates and Plato:
Believed that the mind and body were separate and that the mind continued after death. They also believed that knowledge is innate
Socrates
Plato

7. Prescientific Psychology
Ancient Greece
Aristotle: Believed that knowledge is an outgrowth of experience
Aristotle
( B.C.)

8. Prescientific Psychology
Modern Science
Descartes ( ):
Believed that knowledge is innate
Knew that nerve paths are important
and that they enable reflexes

9. Prescientific Psychology
Modern Science
Francis Bacon ( ):
was one of the founders of
modern science
He relied on experiments, and
experience

10. Prescientific Psychology
Modern Science
John Locke ( ):
He believed that at birth
our mind is a blank slate
Tabula Rasa: blank slate on which experience writes

11. Prescientific Psychology
Modern Science
John Locke
Empiricism: The belief that knowledge is gained through observation and experimentation. Psychologists use the methods of science to conduct empirical research (meaning that they perform experiments and other scientific procedures to systematically gather and analyze information about psychological phenomena)

12. Psychological Science is Born
Wilhelm Wundt: Opened the first laboratory devoted exclusively to psychological research. He wanted to make psychology an independent discipline rather than a stepchild of philosophy or physiology. He believed that consciousness: the awareness of immediate experience should be the subject matter of psychology

13. Psychological Science is Born
Wilhelm Wundt
Leipzig, Germany:
in 1879 (which is
considered to be the
birthday of psychology) Wundt opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

14. Psychological Science is Born
Wilhelm Wundt:
Structuralism: Introduced by Wundt’s student, Edward Titchener, it is an approach to studying
consciousness where one
attempts to discover the
elements that make up the
mind

15. Psychological Science is Born
Classic Experiment
Wundt measured how quickly people could respond to a light by releasing a button they had been holding down. He then determined how much longer the response took when people held down one button with each hand and had to decide, based on the color of the light, which one to release. Wundt reasoned that the additional time revealed how long it took to perceive the color and decide which hand to move. The logic behind this experiment remains a part of research on cognitive processes today.

16. Psychological Science is Born
Edward Titchener:
Titchener was Wundt’s student who introduced the structuralist approach to studying psychology.
Structuralism:
it is an approach to studying consciousness where one attempts to discover the elements that make up the mind

17. Psychological Science is Born
Edward Tichener:
Introspection:
a technique of “inward looking” that was used by structuralists in an attempt to discover the elements of the mind.
However, introspection has its limitations. What are they?

18. Psychological Science is Born
William James:
James rejected studying the elements of consciousness. He advocated studying the functions of consciousness. He founded the first U.S. laboratory at Harvard University.

19. Psychological Science is Born
Influenced by: Charles Darwin

20. Psychological Science is Born
Functionalism:
the study of how our thoughts and feelings function to increase our chances of survival.

21. Psychological Science is Born
Stream of consciousness: the ever changing pattern of images, sensations, memories and other mental events—
was James’ method
of studying
consciousness
rather than
introspection

22. Psychological Science is Born
Functionalists question the function of behavior and thinking.
For example: Why do we sleep? What function does sleep serve? How does it contribute to our survival?

23. Psychological Science is Born
Principles of Psychology: First psychology text book. It took William James 12 years to write.
897 pages

24. Psychological Science Develops
Psychodynamic Perspective:
Has its roots in Freudian psychoanalysis
Believes that behavior reflects unconscious internal conflict between
inherited instincts
and society’s
behavioral rules

25. Psychological Science Develops
Psychodynamic Perspective
This approach analyzed personality traits and disorders in terms
of sexual and aggressive
drives or as the disguised effect of unfulfilled
wishes and childhood
trauma

26. Psychological Science Develops
Evolutionary Perspective:
(Charles Darwin)
Natural Selection:
genes that result in characteristics and behaviors that are adaptive and useful in a certain environment will enable the creatures that possess them to survive, reproduce, and thereby pass these genes on to subsequent generations.

27. Psychological Science Develops
Evolutionary Perspective:
Natural selection (continued):
Genes that result in characteristics that are not adaptive in that environment will not be passed on to subsequent generations because the creatures possessing them will not be able to survive and reproduce.

28. Psychological Science Develops
Evolutionary Perspective:
Natural Selection:

29. Psychological Science Develops
Evolutionary Perspective:
Ethnologist:
scientists who study animal behavior in the natural environment

30. Psychological Science Develops
Neuroscience (Biological):
Studies how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

31. Psychological Science Develops
Neuroscience (Biological):
Studies the psychological effects of hormones, genes, and the activity of the nervous system, especially the brain

32. Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic: (Maslow and Rogers) An approach to psychology that emphasizes human beings’ inborn desire for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices.

34. Psychological Science Develops
Behavior Genetics:
Studies how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

35. Psychological Science Develops
Behavioral:
Founded by John B. Watson
This approach characterizes behavior and mental processes as primarily the result of learning. It examines how observable responses are acquired and changed

36. Psychological Science Develops
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-
formed, and my own specified world to
bringthem up in and I'll guarantee to take
any one at random and train him to
become any type of specialist I might
select–doctor, lawyer,artist–regardless of
his talents penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations and race of his
ancestors"

37. Psychological Science Develops
Cognitive:
Studies how we process, store, and retrieve information. Sees
behavior as the result of
information processing
(for example, perception,
memory, thought, judgment,
and decision making)

38. Psychological Science Develops
Cognitive:
Cognitive Psychologists work with biologists, linguists, computer scientists, and engineers to
identify the components
of thought that interact
to produce behavior.

39. Psychological Science Develops
Social-Cultural:
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
The Social-cultural Perspective addresses such issues as:
Ethnicity
Culture
Socioeconomic Status
They also examine gender

40. Card Sort Psychodynamic Humanistic Instincts Unconscious Drives
Childhood Trauma
Freud
Humanistic
Potentiality
Perception of Reality
Free Will
Choice

41. Card Sort Biological Behavioral Hormones Heredity Genetics
Brain Activity
Neurotransmitters
Behavioral
Punishment
Rewards
Overt Actions
Watson
Learning
Environment
Directly Observable
Experiences

42. Card Sort Evolutionary Cognitive Darwin Survival of the Fittest
Natural Selection
Cognitive
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Thinking
Information Processing
Patterns of Thought
Process, Store & Retrieve Information

43. Psychology’s Big Debate
Nature: the belief that everything we are is due to our genes/our heredity
Nurture: the belief that everything we are is due to experiences and environment

44. Psychology’s Big Debate
Nature
Heredity
Genetics
Inborn
Innate
Descartes
Plato
Nurture
Environment
Learning
Culture
Tabula Rasa
Experience
Locke
Watson
Aristotle

45. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

46. Psychology’s Subfields

47. Developmental Psychologist

48. Social Psychologists

49. Experimental Psychologist

50. Physiological Psychologist

51. Personality Psychologist

52. Counseling Psychologists

53. Educational Psychologist

54. School Psychologist

55. Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

56. Forensic Psychologist

57. Differences Between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist
Psychologists Psychiatrist
Not medical doctors Are medical doctors
Can’t prescribe medication Can prescribe medication
Can only use psychotherapy Can use psychotherapy
and medical treatments
Only 1/3 treat mental disorders All treat mental disorders