1. Categories of Materials Organics Metals and Alloys Polymers or “Plastics” Ceramics Composites

2. Organics Organics are or were living organisms Composed of mostly carbon and Hydrogen Structure depends on the way cells develop, not by human manipulation Renewable, sustainable Infinite variety Genetically alterable

3. Organics-Wood Hardwood- Deciduous, tend to be harder and more expensive Softwood- Conifers, tend to be softer and cheaper Plywood- Much stronger and dimensionally stable Engineered Beams- Construction only Oriented Strand Board and MDF- Dimensionally stable and cheap

4. Metals and Alloys Metals are pure elements which comprise about three-fourths of the periodic table Few are used in their pure form because of: Hardness; too hard or too soft Cost; scarcity of element Engineers need certain characteristics that can only be accomplished by a blending of elements Metals are malleable, reflective, and electrically conductive material They are excellent conductors of electricity and heat

5. Metals Possess material properties, including: high strength and toughness high electrical conductance high thermal conductance luster Examples aluminum - copper - gold - zinc - iron - lead - nickel silver - thorium - chromium - tin - beryllium

6. Alloys Consist of materials composed of two or more elements, at least one being a metal This combination of elements gives the material a combination of properties from each element Examples Steel- iron, carbon and impurity elements such as boron copper or silicon Brass - copper, zinc Stainless Steel - nickel,iron Monel - nickel,copper

7. Types of Metallics Ferrous Metallics - iron and alloys which contain at least 50% iron (e.g. wrought iron, cast iron, steel, stainless steel) Nonferrous Metallics - Metallic elements other than iron (e.g. copper, lead, tin, zinc, titanium, beryllium, nickel) Powdered (Sintered) Metals (ferrous or non-ferrous) Sometimes called sintered metal. A process of producing small (powdered) particles which are compacted in a die and then “sintered” (applying heat below the melting point of the main component) Examples: trigger on gun, gears, bearings, carbide tool inserts

8. Polymers Chain-like molecule made of many (poly) smaller molecular units (mono”mers”) Chaining (polymerization) is responsible for the formation of natural fibers, wood, lignin, rubber, skin, bone and the tissues of animals, humans and insects

9. Plastics Human-made polymers Plastics are workable or moldable Thermosetting plastics are formable once (e.g. epoxy, phonelic (Bakelite), polyurethane) Thermoplastics can be heated repeatedly and formed into new shapes (e.g. polyethylene, nylon, Plexiglas)

10. Elastomers Elastomer amorphous (shapeless) structure consisting of long coiled-up chains of entangled polymers can be stretched at room temperature to at least twice its original length and return to its original shape after the force has been removed Process to strengthen an elastomer: vulcanization a chemical process used to form strong bonds between adjacent polymers to produce a tough, strong, hard rubber (automobile tires)

11. Ceramics Crystalline compounds combining metallic and non metallic elements The absence of free electrons make ceramics poor electrical conductors. Because of the strength of the bonding, ceramics have high melting temperatures

12. Ceramics (continued) Categories: Clay Refractory Electrical and Magnetic Glasses Cermets

13. Ceramics (continued) Clay Products Inorganic material which is shaped, dried and fired. Examples: brick, floor and wall tiles, drainage tile, roof tile, sewer pipe, chimney flue, china, and porcelain.

14. Ceramics (continued) Refractory Materials Ceramics designed to provide acceptable mechanical or chemical properties while at high temperatures. Most are based on stable oxides such as carbides, nitrides, and borides. An example of a refractory is the machinable all-silica insulating tiles on the U.S. space shuttle

15. Ceramics (continued) Electrical and Magnetic Applications Ceramics are used as resistors and heating elements for furnaces (silicon carbide) Semiconductor properties: Thermistors- as they heat-up allow current to flow. Rectifiers- allow current to flow in one direction Clay based ceramics for high-voltage insulators

16. Ceramics (continued) Glass Based on silica with additives that alter the structure or reduce the melting point, optimize optical properties, thermal stability and resistance to thermal shock Cermets  Combinations of metals and ceramics(oxides, nitrides, or carbides) bonded together in the same way powdered metallurgy parts are made. Examples: crucibles, jet engine nozzles

17. Composites Laminar or Layer Composites - alternate layers of materials bonded together. (e.g. plywood, safety glass, Formica, bimetallic strips) Particulate Composites - discrete particles of one material surrounded by a matrix of another material. (e.g. concrete, asphalt, powdered metals and ceramics) Fiber-Reinforced Composites - composed of continuous or discontinuous fibers embedded in a matrix of another material. (e.g. Kevlar, rayon, steel reinforced tires, fiberglass, graphite-epoxy)

18. Review Organics Metals and Alloys Polymers Ceramics Composites Major Categories of Materials