1. Emerging Techniques for Clean Bulk Handling in Ports by B Velan

2. TECHNIQUES IN TECHNOLOGY IN TANDEM WITH TECHNIQUES IN OPERATION courtesy Vigan Engineering- Unloading Tapioca

3. DUST DEFINITIONS Small solid particles, conventionally taken as those particles below 75 μm in diameter, which settle out under their own weight but which may remain suspended for some time. Dust particles are usually in the size range from about 1 to 100 μm in diameter, and they settle slowly under the influence of gravity.

4. Particle Sizes Cement dust 3-100 microns (1/1000mm) Coal dust 5-1000 Iron dust 4-50 Atmospheric dust 0.001 -40 Grain dust 5-1000 Human hair 70 Flour 1-100 Human eye can see 40 micron and higher dust

6. Operation Dust levels(mg.m-3) Unloading ship 1-14 using bucket elevators Elevator operating 1.5-7 (in cabin) On quay adjacent to 69-267 barge being loaded Driving vehicle 13-32 in hold of Ship Cleaning holds and 14-23 quays Loading lorries Discharging 1-30 lorries People in vicinity 1 -6 of operations

7. A dust is considered to be hazardous to health if: - it has an occupational exposure limit, ie it has been given - an occupational exposure standard or a maximum exposure limit - it is present at a substantial concentration in air, ie more than 10 mg.m-3 (total inhalable) or 4 mg.m-3 (respirable) - it is classified as dangerous to health (ie as very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive or irritant) - it is a biological agent, ie it contains bacteria or other microbiological organisms

8. HEALTH HAZARDS OF DUST INHALATION

9. Allowable dust concentrations for humans PM10 (average 10 micron particles) 50 μg/m 3 allowable exposure per day over the course of 1 year 150 μg/m 3 allowable exposure over 24 hours PORT HANDLING ACTIVITY REVOLVES AROUND DUST PARTICLES OF ABOUT 1-1000 MICRONS SIZE.

10. MAIN DUST EMISSION POINTS IN PORT BULK HANDLING SHIP UNLOADING SHIP LOADING TRUCK FILLING

12. CLEVELAND CASCADES SHIPLOADING CHUTE

15. PRODUCT LOSS IS AN UNNOTICED (?) ELEMENT IN DUSTY UNLOADING OPERATIONS

16. DUST ESCAPES WHEN THERE IS 1. LOSS OF CONTAINMENT 2. WIND

17. containment loss and windage dust generation controlled by modified design of hopper

18. PRINCIPLE OF DEDUSTING MOBILE HOPPER IN PORTS

22. DUST CONTAINMENT METHODS IN PORT MOBILE HOPPERS

23. MEASUREMENT Opacity is primary measurement technique for dust emission EPA (Environmental Protection Agency USA) 9 is the opacity standard Measurement is by trained investigator who compares opacity with standard charts Readings are averaged out as per procedure

24. OPERATIONAL CHAIN Local Government Port Authority Port Managers Unloading contractor Crane hire agency Crane operator Despatch agency Equipment owners Compliances – Dust levels – Unloading schedules – Operator health and safety – Operator training – Port regulations – Local Govt regulations – Product integrity

25. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS Each case is unique- needs discussion with port authorities and technology/equipment suppliers Dust control must be treated on par with loading and unloading operations-as revenue earners All concerned-port, union, vendor, operators have to discuss and prepare operation manual Ship crane operators should be given pre- unloading briefing Equipment suppliers must build in feedback loops for operators

26. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS Measuring instrumentation is essential with reports Operators must have periodic medical examination Separate department must be formed with managerial responsbility Clear policy and management Standard operating procedures Top management commitment Quick decision making Training and awareness Involve operating personnel 100%

27. THANK YOU velan@scorpioengg.com www.scorpioengg.com