1. History

2. Difference machine J. H. Müller conceived the idea of this machine in a book published in 1786, but couldn't find funding In 1822, Charles Babbage proposed the use of such a machine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society on June 14 entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables". This machine used the decimal number system and was powered by cranking a handle. – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =0anIyVGeWOI&feature=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =0anIyVGeWOI&feature=fvw – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =B8tmfcOg8l8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =B8tmfcOg8l8

3. Influenced Jacquard's loom mechanism is controlled by recorded patterns of holes in a string of cards, and allows, what is now known as, the Jacquard weaving of intricate patterns.

4. Input Three different types of punch cards were used: – one for arithmetical operations, one for numerical constants, and – one for load and store operations, – transferring numbers from the store to the arithmetical unit or back. There were three separate readers for the three types of cards.

5. Analytical machine More general design Allowed Babbage to get more funding The programming language to be employed by users was akin to modern day assembly languages. Loops and conditional branching were possible. Ada King, Countess of Lovelace – First computer programmer – Described a way to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine

6. Coding The first programming languages were called codes – a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another form or representation (one sign into another sign)

7. Storage of data Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that train conductors would encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tickets using the position of punched holes on the tickets. Hollerith then proceeded to encode the 1890 census data on punch cards.

8. Herman Hollerith Founded IBM

9. So did you notice? That the first computer codes were specialized for the applications.

10. Epiphany 0_0 Realization that logic could be represented with numbers, as well as with words.

11. Alonzo Church lambda calculus, (λ-calculus) – 1936 – Note: a buggy version of the theory was published in 1932 – is a formal system for function definition, function application and recursion. This is the basis for functional programming – F#, new in Visual Studio 2010 – LINQ, new in Visual Studio 2008

12. Alan Turing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bLCjMA0YlE&feat ure=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bLCjMA0YlE&feat ure=related – We will watch the first 2 minutes in class And minutes 13.01 – 15.23 Invented the Turing Machine – Hypothetical machine – it is impossible to build Because the tape is infinite Turing machines are basic abstract symbol-manipulating devices which, despite their simplicity, can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm. He wanted to answer the question – what problems can be solved and what problems can’t be solved. – Halting problem

13. 1940s ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer – 1946. – Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do its calculations. Hence, first electronic computer. – Developers John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineer The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania – Funded by the U.S. Army. – But it could not store its programs (its set of instructions)

14. EDVAC Mauchly and Eckert began to design the - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer. John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945: "The Report on the EDVAC"

15. The British British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans. Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University – Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program computer. Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949-- two years before EDVAC was finished. – Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (i.e., not a prototype).

16. UNIVAC The First General- Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer.

17. What happened next? – 1954-1958 = Mathematical expressions FORTRAN I, ALGOL 58, Flowmatic – 1959-1961 FORTRAN II = subroutines, separate compilation ALGOL 60 = block structure, data types COBOL = data description, file handling Lisp = list processing, pointers, garbage collection – 1962 – 1970 PL/1 = FORTRAN + ALGOL + COBOL ALGOL 68 = rigorous successor to ALGOL 60 Pascal = simple successor to ALGOL 60 Simula = classes and data abstraction

18. 1970 -1980 lots and lots of languages were developed, few endured – Debates about structured programming The evil GOTO – SQL = 1978 This is widely used today Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits. Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as external storage devices. Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips. – Operating systems – Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed. Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their start in 1975.

19. 1980s consolidation, modules, performance – 1983 - Ada – 1983 - C++ = combined object-oriented and systems programming – 1985 - Eiffel – 1987 – Perl http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=OYecfV3ub P8 http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=OYecfV3ub P8 Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs) Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits (an entire CPU = Central Processing Unit) on a single chip. Which allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs, like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC. – Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs. Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had 16k RAM. – First Apple Mac released in 1984. – IBM PC introduced in 1981. Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) Fourth generation language software products – E.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and many others. – Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980s MS Windows debuts in 1983, but is quite a clunker.

20. Computers are made by people Less experience Steve Jobs http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=upzKj- 1HaKw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=upzKj- 1HaKw&feature=related Bill Gates http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=Uau0aIbrzkQ&featu re=related http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=Uau0aIbrzkQ&featu re=related More experience http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=_5Z7eal4uXI&NR=1 &feature=fvwp http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=_5Z7eal4uXI&NR=1 &feature=fvwp There are several parts to this – it is fun to watch it.

21. People want to interact The History of the Internet – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4 &feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4 &feature=related – We will watch the first 2:53 min Google's View On The Internet's Future – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDtSCCjXEqo &feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDtSCCjXEqo &feature=related

22. 1990s = The INTERNET – 1990 - Haskell – 1991 - Python – 1991 - Java – 1993 - Ruby – 1993 - Lua – 1994 - ANSI Common Lisp – 1995 - JavaScript – 1995 - PHP – 2000 - C# = OOP is introduced to MS technologies – 2008 - JavaFX Script