1. Rome
Chapter 6

2. Location and place Rome Italian Peninsula Alps - provided protection
centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers
Originally developed because of its strategic location and fertile soil
Italian Peninsula
Alps - provided protection
Mediterranean Sea- protection, sea-borne commerce

3. Social structure in the Roman Republic
Patricians- powerful nobility inherited their power and social standing(few in number)
Plebeians- majority of population
Slaves- not based on race

4. Social Order and Politics
Both were Roman citizens,
their rights were different.
Both Patricians and Plebeians could vote.
Both had the right to make legal contracts and marry
Intermarriage between the classes was not allowed.
Patricians were the only ones allowed to hold political office.

5. Plebeians Gain Power Forced Patricians to write down laws
Twelve Tables
Gov’t created a new assembly (Council of Plebs) in 471 B.C.
New leaders called Tribunes protected the Plebeians.
A new law allowed intermarriage.
In 278 B.C. the Council received the right to pass laws for all Romans

6. Citizenship and Republic
Patrician and plebeian men
Selected foreigners
Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service, voting)
Republic
Representative democracy
Assemblies
The Senate
Consuls
Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables

7. Punic Wars
Rome v. Carthage
B.C.

8. Punic Wars
Rome and Carthage (Latin for Phoenician) were in competition for trade
Started when Rome sent troops to help settle a local dispute in Sicily (Carthage thought it was an act of war)
Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula

9. Punic Wars
Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome
241B.C. Carthage loses Sicily
201 B.C. Carthage loses Spain
146 B.C. Rome destroys Carthage and takes Africa

10. Evolution of the Roman Empire
Make a timeline showing Roman gains in the following places.
Mediterranean basin
Africa
Asia
Europe
Including the Hellenistic world of the eastern Mediterranean
Western Europe
Gaul
British Isles

11. Mythology Based on the Greek polytheistic religion
And just like the Greeks--explains natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

12. Gods/Goddesses
Jupiter/Zeus, Juno/Hera, Apollo/Apollo, Diana/Artemis, Minerva/Athena, and Venus/Aphrodite
Symbols and images in literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics
**Foldable**
In addition to the Gods, Romans later worshiped the Emperor

13. Decline of the Roman Republic
Causes
Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment
Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation

14. Rise of Imperial Rome (Rome as an Empire)
First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar- seizure of power, assassination (when)
Augustus Caesar- civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor
Empire- unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military
Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors

15. Pax Romana

16. Pax Romana Enabled by conquest and trade
Two centuries (200 years) of peace and prosperity under imperial rule
Trade flourished
Roman culture spread
Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire particularly in the Near East
Civil Service
Government officials to carry out laws

17. Pax Romana: Economic, Social, and Political Impact
Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade
Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman Roads
Promoted prosperity and stability
Social
Returned stability to social classes
Increased emphasis on the family
Political
Created a civil service
Developed a uniform rule of law

18. Beliefs, traditions, and customs
Christianity

19. Origins
Had its roots in Judaism, claimed to fulfill God’s promises in the Torah
Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to be the promised Messiah
Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire

20. All about Jesus Historical person He said he was God
“I and the Father are one.” -John 10:30
Claimed exclusive access to heaven and truth
Jesus answered, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. –John 14:6

21. More about Jesus Arrested by Jewish religious leaders
They convinced Pilate, the Roman governor, to crucify Jesus
Jesus died
Three days later, Jesus’ tomb was empty
Many people claimed that they had seen Jesus and that He had been resurrected

22. Beliefs, traditions, and customs
Monotheism
Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God
God and Human simultaneously
All humans sin; God punishes sinners with hell
Jesus substituted for the world perfectly and paid for everyone’s sins with his life and death
God raised Jesus from the dead
Life after death
Everyone has a soul
Believers = Heaven
Unbelievers = Hell

23. Beliefs, traditions, and customs cont.
New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians
Christian doctrine formalized by early church councils

24. Spread of Christianity
Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire
Good road system
Popular yet dividing message
FREE eternal life, humans do nothing!
For everyone (no discrimination gender, race, age, etc.)
Persecution by Roman authorities
All 12 apostles except one martyred for their faith
Many others killed for their faith
Helped spread the religion by inspiring others
Those people are dying without protesting. What’s up wit dat?
Adopted as official religion of Empire by Theodosius
Religion protected by Constantine

25. Christian Symbols
Cross
Fish
Trinity

26. Christianity and Rome

27. Impact of the Church
As Empire slowly crumbles and loses influence, the Western Church takes on some of that power
Church became main unifying force of Western Europe
Different customs, etc., but still Christian
Loyalty to the church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor
****Eventual split of Church into East and West over icons and Pope v. Emperor Control
Church became an example of moral authority

28. Contributions
Ancient Rome

29. Art/Architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum
Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches
Science: Ptolemy
Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools)
Language: Latin, Romance languages
Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid
Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion
Law: The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables)

30. Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Causes and Division

31. Causes Economy—The cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency
Military—Army membership starting to include invaders, resulting in decline of discipline
Moral decay—People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family
Political problems—Civil conflict and weak administration
Invasion—Attacks on borders

32. Division of the Empire Empire Divides into 2 due to size by Diocletian
Move of capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople
Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476A.D., when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor
Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)