1. AFRICA REVIEW

2. Geography FEATURES:  SAHARA DESERT  GREAT RIFT VALLEY  NILE RIVER  KALAHARI DESERT  ATLAS MOUNTAINS  LAKE VICTORIA  CONGO RIVER

3. Effects of Geography FEATURE EFFECT SAHARA DESERTIFICATION DESERT ACTS AS A BARRIER TO TRADE AND TRAVEL TRADE AND TRAVEL LACK OF FERTILE FARM LAND LACK OF FERTILE FARM LAND NILE RIVER FERTILE VALLEY, SILT OTHER RIVERS WATER FALLS, RAPIDS, CATARACTS MAKE TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT BUT MAKE TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT BUT SOMETIMES GOOD FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER SOMETIMES GOOD FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER

4. GEOGRAPHY CONTINUED  RESOURCES  Gold and diamonds in South Africa  Rubber and Ivory in the Congo  GREAT RIFT VALLEY  Made travel and trade difficult. Influenced migration forcing people to move in a north-south direction. 100 mile wide canyon Influenced migration forcing people to move in a north-south direction. 100 mile wide canyon

5. Geography

6. Ancient World 4000 BC to AD 400  Egypt along Nile River  “Gift of the Nile”: flooding, irrigation, drinking water  Polytheistic – Amon- Re, Osiris, after life  Pyramids and mummification  Government: Pharaoh,

7. BANTU MIGRATIONS  Bantu people from West Africa migrated South and East in search of fertile land  Between 500 BC and 1500 AD Bantu settlers spread knowledge of farming, ironworking and language.  Today 1/3 of Africans speak a language in the Bantu family

8. Islamic Influences  In the late 600s the Muslim traders carried Islam into North Africa  Muslim and North African forces worked together to conquer Spain

9. Africa 1200-1650  Traditional Society and Culture Village Government Family Patterns Religious Beliefs: Animism

10. African Kingdoms:  Ghana –800-1000 –Controls Gold Salt trade –King has Muslim advisors  Mali –1200-1450 –Mali conquers Ghana –Mansa Musa –Controls gold trade routes –Timbuktu

11. African Kingdoms  Songhai –1450-1600 –Grows into largest West African State –Controls trade routes –Emperor sets up a Muslim dynasty  Axum –Located on the Red Sea –Trade network linking Africa, India & Medit. –Mixing of Jewish and Christian religions

12. Africa’s Role in Global Trade  Hausa (present day Nigeria) – control trade routes across Sahara  Benin -rainforest of Guinea Coast- traded Ivory, pepper and eventually slaves, –Cast bronze and brass East African City-States: Booming trade with India, birth of a new language: Swahilli

13. Early Encounters  1400s Portuguese and 1600s Dutch try and push into interior of Africa.  Dutch settle at Cape Town and enslave some Africans.  Boers: Dutch farmers

14. Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage  Causes –Labor shortage –Workers for plantations  Effects –Middle Passage with terrible conditions –Millions die due to disease –Decimate tribes in Africa –Legacy of racism –Cultural Diffusion

15. IMPERIALISM  Domination by one country of the Political Social and Economic life of another country or region  Political, Economic & Social Industrial Revolution  Social Darwinism  Military & Economic Motives  White Man’s Burden

16. Remember Africa…

17. THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1850-1914  By the late 1800s, European powers began colonizing Africa  From the 1500s – 1800s, European traders sold African slaves and traded along the coast  Christian missionaries tried to convert African people, but often tried to replace native culture with their own  “White Man’s Burden”

18. THE PARTITION OF AFRICA  By 1870s, King Leopold of Belgium forms a trading company in the Congo, other European nations join quest for land  1884 Berlin Conference – meeting to set up rules for colonizing Africa, NO AFRICANS INVITED

19. CONFLICTS FOR COLONIES In southern Africa, Shaka organized Zulu warriors to fight Europeans, others resisted imperialism too Ethiopia successfully fights off Italy 1896 British and Dutch farmers fight Boer War 1899-1902 over South Africa

20. WITHIN 20 YEARS OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE…  The entire continent of Africa is partitioned among the European powers  (with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia)

22. AFRICA POLITICAL DIVISIONS IN 1913 Percentage of Africa Controlled by European Countries in 1913   

23. EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM ON AFRICA  POSITIVES  European medicines and improved nutrition increase life span and help expand the African population  Modern transportation and communications introduced (telegraphs, RR, steamships, telephone)  Small minority received improved education, econ. opportunities

24. EFFECTS CONT.  NEGATIVES  European domination eroded traditional African values, socially and politically  African people treated as inferiors  Workers subjected to long hours, low pay, mistreatment (human rights violations, but do not confuse with slave trade)  Africa divided artificially, Euros. Ignore tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries  Divisions have led to ongoing (as in still today!) tribal clashes in many countries

25. Africa Since WW II  Nationalism  Dealing with Colonial Legacy –Divisions without concern for tribal boundaries –Lack of educated leaders –Economic dependence

26. Algeria 1954-1962  French wanted to keep Arab-Berber people from winning independence  Muslim Nationalists set up the FLN – National Liberation Front  Public opinion in France turned against the war  Charles de Gaulle became President in 1958 – 4 years later Algeria achieved independence

27. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS KENYA: JOMO KENYATA

28. KENYA AND JOMO KENYATTA  The British held Kenya as part of the East Africa Protectorate.  A secret terrorist organization called the Mau Mau existed in Kenya to fight the British! The British called a state of emergency against the Mau Mau’s guerrilla activities.  The native tribe of Kenya are the Kikuyu.  Jomo Kenyatta led the independence movement and ended up in jail.  Kenyatta and the Mau Mau were successful against the British in 1963.  Kenyatta became the first president of the free Kenya.

29. GHANA AND KWAME NKRUMAH

30. GHANA: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT  The British held the territory called the Gold Coast.  Kwame Nkrumah led the independence movement  Nkrumah believed in non-violence.  In 1957 The Gold Coast got its independence and was then called Ghana. was then called Ghana.  Kwame Nkrumah became Ghana’s first President

31. A CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA APARTHEID: RISE AND FALL  APARTHEID – THE LEGAL SEPARATION OF THE RACES RULED IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948--1991

32. THE AFRIKAANER (DUTCH GOVERNMENT)  The Afrikaaner govt. gained control of the South Africa in 1948  They instituted Apartheid!  Each group had separate living areas  People of color were subjected to certain rules/laws!

33. APARTHEID LAWS/RULES  People of color must carry Pass Books around as identification.  Intermarriage between white people and people of color is forbidden.  Strikes by black workers were outlawed.  Jobs were restricted.  Separate public facilities and transportation were in existence.  Black people had no representation in government.  BANTU AUTHORITIES ACT established Bantustans or homelands where black people would live where black people would live  Separate educational facilities for white and black "Bantustans"

34. RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID NELSON MANDELA ----AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS STEVE BIKO---------------BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU-----PEACEFUL RESISTANCE TO THE AFRIKAANER GOVERNMENT

35. RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID THE ANC AND MANDELA

36. NELSON MANDELA: SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE Nelson Mandela was arrested in the 1960’s for conspiracy against the government. He remained in jail for over 20 years. He was released by President F.W. deKlerk in 1989. By 1994 Mandela became the first black president of South Africa. People waited in line for days to vote in the first free elections!

37. STEVE BIKO: BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

38. STEVE BIKO Steve Biko was arrested by the South African police. He was murdered while in custody in 1977. Thousands showed up for his funeral and he became a symbol of resistance to the white oppression. His movement lived on after his death. The white police officers who beat him did not answer for their crimes until the 1990’s. Biko’s grave

39. THE END OF APARTHEID  Many world nations put pressure (economic sanctions on South Africa which crippled the economy.  1989 F.W. deKlerk became President.  1990 deKlerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela from prison.  deKlerk began to repeal the apartheid laws, dismantling the system of racial separation.  April 1994 was set as the first free elections and for a new constitution.  In 1994 Nelson Mandela won the presidential election hands down! FW. deKlerk

40. CIVIL WAR AND ETHNIC TENSION IN RECENT TIMES  ETHNIC TENSION IN RWANDA BETWEEN HUTUS AND TUTSIS LED TO GENOCIDE 1990’S  CIVIL WAR, DROUGHT, FAMINE IN SOMALIA IN 1992 LED TO U.S. INTERVENTION (Black Hawk Down)

41. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/n ews/video/1994rwanda/1994rwanda_w mv.htm

42. THE AIDS CRISIS: THE CONTINENT WITH THE MOST CASES! South Africa has one of the highest death rates due to AIDS