1. Global Civil Unrest

2. The Mexican Revolution
Causes
Most Mexicans were poor peasants with no land, no education, and no hope for improvement
Factory workers and miners earned very low wages while the owners grew wealthy
The small middle-class wanted a more democratic government

3. Unstable Leadership
1910: President Porfirio Diaz had reformer Francisco Madero arrested; his arrest was followed by widespread revolts, forcing Diaz to resign
Madero became president of Mexico, but was soon overthrown and assassinated by military dictator Victoriano Huerta
Huerta himself was almost immediately overthrown by Venustiano Carranza

4. Villa & Zapata
Carranza became President of Mexico in 1917 with the help of two popular revolutionaries:
Francisco “Pancho” Villa, who had many supporters in northern Mexico
Emiliano Zapata, a Native American and former tenant farmer who had many followers in the south

5. More Bloodshed
Carranza soon fell out with Villa and Zapata, and in the fighting that followed, all three men were assassinated (plus over 1 million Mexicans were killed and US troops entered Mexico)
Carranza had, however, approved a new constitution for Mexico, which is still in use today

6. The Mexican Constitution
Allowed breakup of large private estates
Restricted foreign ownership of land
Restricted power of the Catholic Church
Set a minimum wage and allowed workers to strike
Gave women the same rights as men (except in voting)

7. The PRI Brings Stability
By 1929 the country had stabilized under the leadership of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
The PRI reached out to all groups in Mexican society
Supported social reforms, but also suppressed all political opposition
In 1938, the PRI nationalized all oil production in Mexico to protect it from foreign companies

8. Latin Nationalism
After WWI, Latin American countries became determined to become economically independent of Europe and the U.S.
In many cases, foreign-owned industries were taken over and nationalized
Latin Americans also began to take pride in their own unique cultures

9. South African Apartheid
In South Africa, whites moved to limit the freedoms of blacks
restricted jobs available to black Africans
forced African blacks to live in certain areas
1936: all black voting rights were eliminated
1948: apartheid made complete racial segregation into law

10. African National Congress
In 1912, black Africans formed the African National Congress (ANC) to protest the loss of freedoms to colonial powers
The ANC vowed to use only legal means, but was still branded as a “terror” organization, especially in South Africa – it would take over 75 years to make any impact

11. Egypt
During WWI, Egypt was forced into providing Britain with food and labor, causing resentment
After the war, Egyptians set aside their differences to create the Wafd Party and push for independence
1922: British granted Egypt its independence (except the Suez Canal Zone)
In the 1930s, the “Muslim Brotherhood” was formed – rejected western culture and the new Egyptian government

12. Turkey
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey became an independent republic, led by Mustafa “Ataturk” Kemal
Kemal westernized Turkey, angering many fundamentalist Muslims
European style law replaced Islamic law
Muslim calendar replaced by European
Replaced Arabic script with western alphabet
Forced people to dress in western style
Women were allowed to vote, dress as they wished
Polygamy (multiple-wives) was banned

13. Iran
1925: Reza Khan overthrew the British & Russian backed king of Persia and set himself up as shah
modernized Iran
made the same types of reforms that Ataturk had made in Turkey
forced British oil companies, who controlled Iran’s oil fields, to share profits with government

14. The Middle East
The Middle East had been controlled by the Ottomans until WWI
After the war, France took control of Syria and Lebanon while Britain took control of Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine (Israel)
The Arabs had been promised independence for their help in WWI, so they felt angry and betrayed when they did not get it
European mistreatment led to Arab unity and a call for an end to European rule

15. Zionism The Jews & Palestine
1897: Theodore Herzl founded the Zionist movement, urging European Jews to reclaim the “promised land” of Israel
As anti-Semitism grew in Europe during the 1930s, more and more Jews moved to Palestine, creating tension with the Arab Palestinians

16. India
In 1919, British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of protestors in city of Amritsar, killing 379 and wounding 1100
Indians had been protesting Britain’s failure to keep their promise of Indian independence that had been made during WWI

17. Mohandas Gandhi 1869 - 1948 Known as “Mahatma” or “Great Soul”
Schooled in Britain, earning a law degree
Spent 20 years living in South Africa fighting racism against Indians living in that country, but returned to India in 1914 to protest British rule

18. Mohandas Gandhi
Developed the approach of “satyagraha” (soul force) or nonviolent civil disobedience which would be copied by other civil rights activists like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
based in Hindu beliefs in non-violence & the power of love
urged people to refuse to obey unfair laws and policies
Supported democracy, equal rights for all people, and an end to the caste system
Increased Indian national pride, encouraged self-sufficiency

19. The Salt March British companies held a monopoly on salt in India
1930: Gandhi led a march to the sea to collect sea salt (which was illegal)
Gandhi was arrested and imprisoned, but thousands followed his example creating tremendous bad press for Britain

20. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian Muslims wanted independence from Britain, but feared that the Hindu majority would discriminate against them if India remained a single state
Jinnah worked with Gandhi to split India into the Hindu nation of India and the separate Islamic nation of Pakistan

21. In 1947, India and Pakistan were given independence

22. Pakistani-Indian Relations
Unfortunately, within a year of independence both Gandhi and Jinnah were dead, Gandhi from assassination and Jinnah from lung cancer
Without their leadership, relations between India and Pakistan quickly broke down and war erupted