1. Policies, People, and Places 1

2.  World leader in production of diamonds and gold  Mild climate that resembles San Francisco bay area. 2

3. Early South Africa 3

4.  Nationalists won election in 1948  Immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation that it called apartheid.  Under apartheid, nonwhite South Africans would be forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited.  Cry, the Beloved Country was written in 1946 and published in 1948. 4

5.  Apartheid was used to cement control over economic and social systems.  Quickly became a way of extreme racial separation. 5

6.  Under this system, 13 percent of the population controlled the rest.  Rested on 3 basic principles: 1) There were 4 official racial groups: White, African, Coloured, and Indian 2) Whites were the only “civilized” race, and therefore should exercise complete control over the others. 3) White interests always come before Black 6

7.  1949: Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act  1950 Population Registration Act provided framework for classifying every person by race in all of South Africa.  1959: Immorality Act prohibited Whites from marrying or having sexual relations with anyone of another racial group. 7

8. Land Acts controlled all African movement in all urban areas and resulted in the need for Passbooks. Local officials could remove “idle or undesirable natives” who were found in urban areas longer than 72 hours. 8

9. If an African Native stood outside his front door without his pass, police could haul him off to jail without notifying anyone. Murders went unsolved while the courts were jammed with Pass law offenders. 9

10.  For years Africans endured the passbook system.  Pan-African Congress urged Native Africans to protest by showing up at local police stations, without passbooks, and demand to be arrested.  Throughout the country, Africans responded.  20,000 showed up at the Sharpeville prison near Johannesburg.  Things got ugly; police opened fire on the crowd. 10

11. “My car was struck by a stone. If they do these things, they must learn their lesson” Hundreds dead--many shot in the back 11

12. 12

13.  President of the ANC (African National Congress) in 1951.  Between 1951-1960 he began to realize that nonviolence was not going to be effective,  1962 arrested for leaving South Africa illegally and sentenced to 5 years in jail.  Tried a year later for treason and given life sentence on Robben Island  In this maximum security prison for 27 years.  Public discussion of him was illegal.  Freed on February 11, 1990  In 1994 in the first free election, he was elected president. 13

14. Mandela in prisonHis famous number 14

15.  Founder of the Black Consciousness movement  1973 was “banned”  September 7, 1977 was arrested and sustained a head injury during “interrogation.”  Doctor’s examined him while he was naked, lying on a mat, manacled to metal grille.  Sept. 11, he had slipped into a comma and was transported to a hospital 12 hours away.  Made the journey lying naked in the back of a Land Rover.  Died from brain damage on September 12—lying on the floor of a cell in Pretoria Prison 15

16.  Charismatic leader of South African Communist Party  Shot 4 times on April 10, 1993 in his own driveway  4 days later, Dave Matthews Band began playing a song, #36, to honor Hani.  Starts with “Honey, Honey, come and dance with me,” which was originally written as “Hani, Hani, come and dance with me.”  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =il5uQm_1vUE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =il5uQm_1vUE  People who killed him are still in prison. 16