1. Review Why was the French & Indian War fought?
What were the primary causes of the American Revolution?

2. What were the colonial responses to British actions such as the Proclamation Act of 1763, Stamp Act, & Intolerable Acts?

3. What was the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense?

4. Standard
USHC-1.4 Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the Articles of Confederation were addressed with the writing of the Constitution of 1787, including the debates and compromises reached at the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the Constitution.

5. Articles of Confederation and Constitution
SHAPING A NEW NATION
Articles of Confederation and Constitution

6. Forming a Republic
Following the Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress met to form a government.
However, the states were reluctant to unite under a strong central government.
Most people’s allegiance was to the state, not the national government

7. The delegates believed a democracy placed too much power in the hands of uneducated masses, so they favored a Republic – where citizens rule through elected representatives.

8. Drafting a National Constitution
The members of the Second Continental Congress had to answer three main questions:
Representation by population or state?
Can Supreme Power be divided?
Who gets the Western Lands?
They answered these questions by drafting the Articles of Confederation

9. Articles of Confederation a “firm league of friendship”
The Articles of Confederation was formed and became the 1st official government of the U.S.
The state governments would hold supreme power in most cases granting power to the national govt. in limited situations.
Representation determined by state, not population. Therefore each state allowed was allowed ONE vote!!

10. Articles of Confederation

11. Strengths of Articles of Confederation:
-Land Ordinance of a system of surveying land
-The Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787 –provided a system of dividing western territories and set requirements for the admission of new states

12. P. 138

13. Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation
Weak national government
Nat’l govt. could not tax (weak economy)- gov’t stayed broke- could only ask the states for money
No executive branch to enforce laws
No Judicial branch to interpret laws
States controlled trade
Articles could not be amended without consent of every state
Unfair Representation (1 state = 1 vote)

14. Role of executive
“The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority … to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction -- to appoint one of their members to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years;”

15. Shays’s Rebellion (proves the Articles are too weak) (pg. 140)
Daniel Shays and a group of 1200 angry farmers tried to revolt against the government over unfair taxes. (they were farmers who were going to lose their farms to creditors for not being able to pay the high taxes to the state)
The Rebellion showed the danger of the weak national government not having the power to stop a rebellion.

16. Shays’ Rebellion (1786) became a concern for many national leaders because it: (a) indicated there would be future conflicts over the spread of slavery (b) exposed fundamental weaknesses in government under the Articles of Confederation (c) pointed to the need for federal government regulation of interstate commerce (d) showed that frontier settlements were vulnerable to raids by Native American Indians

17. Review Question
The Articles of Confederation proved ineffective as a national body of laws for which of the following reasons?
A. It gave too much power to the Congress without providing for a commander of the nation’s armed forces
B. It did not give the federal government enough power to effectively lead
C. It imposed taxes that led to a rebellion of farmers in New England
D. It prevented individual states from having their own constitutions

18. In response, the delegates called a meeting (in Philadelphia 1787) to amend the Articles of Confederation. At the meeting they rejected it all together and began writing the Constitution.

19. THE CONSTITUTION James Madison – “Father of the Constitution.”
The main disputes were:
Over Representation (large states vs. small states)
North vs. South over slavery
Division of powers

20. James Madison
Father of the Constitution

21. Fight Over Representation
Virginia Plan (Favored large states)
3 Separate Branches
Bicameral Congress (2 houses)
**Representation based on Population
Congress would legislate (make laws)
Executive Branch (1 person)

22. Unicameral Congress (1 house) **Equal Representation
New Jersey Plan (Favored small states)
Unicameral Congress (1 house)
**Equal Representation
Exec. Branch with more than one person
Limit Congressional Power

23. Great Compromise- (The Connecticut Compromise)
Bicameral Congress – 2 houses
Representation:
Senate – Equal Representation
House of Rep. – Based on the population of the state
Executive branch would consist of one person

24. North vs. South over Slavery
Three-Fifths (3/5) Compromise – all Free people would be counted in the population and 3/5 of all other persons would be counted
Commerce and Slave trade – Congress regulates trade, but would not interfere with the slave trade for 20 years.

25. FEDERALISM
Delegates create a Federalist form of government with three branches
Federalism – power divided between national and state governments

26. ENUMERATED or DELEGATED POWERS
Powers granted to the National Government by the Constitution
These powers include:
Control of Foreign Affairs
Providing National Defense
Regulating trade between states
Coining money

27. RESERVED POWERS Powers kept by the state. These powers include:
Providing and supervising education
Establishing marriage laws
Regulating trade within a state

28. CONCURRENT OR SHARED POWERS
Both levels of government share such powers as:
The right to tax
Right to borrow money and pay debts
Power to establish courts

29. Division of Government Powers
Separation of Powers - 3 Branches of Government (each having powers the others do not)
Legislative Branch – Makes the laws.
Executive Branch – Carries out and enforces the laws.
Judicial Branch – Interprets the laws.

31. Checks and Balances – A system established by the delegates to prevent one branch from dominating the others.
Electoral College – chosen by the state - officially elects the Pres.

34. Checks and Balances Examples:
– President has the power of veto but Congress can override
– Supreme Court declare laws of Congress unconstitutional
-President appoints federal judges with approval of Congress
-S. Court can declare executive orders unconstitutional
-Congress can refuse judicial appointments
-Senate can refuse to ratify a foreign treaty

35. Ratification of the Constitution
Ratification – official approval (required 9 of the 13 states)
Federalists – supporters of the Constitution (favored a strong central govt.)
Examples: George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
Anti-federalists – those that opposed the Constitution (believed a central govt. would be too powerful and take rights away from the people) Wanted a BILL OF RIGHTS
Examples: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, T. Jefferson

36. Ratification
The Federalist Papers– a series of essays defending the Constitution
The Antifederalists also published essays demanding the Constitution include a Bill Of Rights protecting the rights of the people
The Federalists promised to add a Bill Of Rights which led to the states ratification of the Constitution

37. FEDERALIST ANTI-FEDERALISTS

38. Bill of Rights (page 166)

39. 1st Amendment Freedom of religion Freedom of speech
Freedom of the press
Freedom of assembly
Right of the people to petition the government

40. 2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms

41. 3rd Amendment
Quartering troops

42. 4th Amendment
Search and seizure

43. 5th Amendment
Rights of accused persons

44. 6th Amendment
Right to a speedy, public trial

45. 7th Amendment
Trial by jury in civil cases

46. 8th Amendment No excessive bail or fines
No cruel or unusual punishments

47. 9th Amendment
Rights of the people

48. 10th Amendment
Powers of states and people