2.  The ability to do work or cause a change  Kinetic energy: Due to motion  Potential energy: Due to an object’s position or shape

3. Would coal be a good transportation fuel? Would oil be good to use on your stovetop to heat up some pasta? Each fuel has its best use Electricity Transportation fuel Heating Cooking Running machines

4. Five main purposes for fuels  Cooking  Transportation  Manufacturing  Heating/cooling  Electricity Some fuels better for some purposes Why is coal not used to fly planes?

5. How should we decide what fuel to use for energy? Political, Economic, Energy Companies, Societal Debate

6. 1. Costs 2. Environmental Impacts 3. Availability in near future and long term 4. Governmental Incentives 5. National and Global Security 6. Terrorism

7. Renewable: Nearly always available or replaceable in a relatively short time; includes sunlight, wind, flowing water, heat from Earth Nonrenewable: Cannot be replaced in a reasonable time; includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy

8. Non-renewable energy:  84% of world commercial energy (78% from fossil fuels, 6% nuclear)  Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear Non-renewable energy:  84% of world commercial energy (78% from fossil fuels, 6% nuclear)  Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear

9. Renewable Energy Sources:  16% of world’s commercial energy resources.  10% biomass, 5% hydro, and 1% combo of geothermal, wind and solar.

10. Commercial Energy Use By Source 2002

11. Global Energy Consumption

14. Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient organisms changed into solid (coal), liquid (oil) or gas (natural gas)  Why called fossil fuels?  Most energy today is from these 3

15.  Why are fossil fuels nonrenewable? TRAPPED CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY FROM ANCIENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

16.  How is using fossil fuels like using energy from “ancient” solar energy?  Your life powered by sun that arrived on Earth millions of years ago?

19. Coal formation

21. After firewood, coal was the major source of energy. End of 1800s coal is the worlds dominant fuel.  Steam Engines  Heating  Cooking  Industry

22. By 1920s, coal provided 80% of US energy. Powered the industrial revolution Caused a great deal of air pollution.

23. Coal is a solid fuel formed in several stages from remains of buried plants and animals. Consists mostly of carbon and trace amounts of sulfur, mercury and radioactive materials.

25. Anthracite is the most desirable form of coal (98% carbon) Takes longer to form More expensive.

27. Surface Mining:  Area Strip Mining  Contour Strip Mining  Mountaintop Removal Underground Mining Large environmental impact from different mining techniques.

29. Coal provides 51% of current U.S. electricity. (62% worldwide) Used to make ¾ of worlds steel. A typical 1,000 Megawatt power plant uses 8,000 tons of coal every day…1 mile long train worth of coal every day.

30. 91% of coal in U.S. is used for power production. Not useful for transportation energy needs.

31. U.S. has 1/4 th of the world proven reserves. (16% Russia, 12% China) U.S. and China are 2 largest users. U.S. is able to export about 4% a year.

33. According to USGS… U.S. reserves could last 300 years at current rate of consumption…or 64 years if consumption grows by 4% a year. World’s most abundant fossil fuel. U.S. Energy Projections

34.  Most abundant fossil fuel.  Lots of energy  Relatively inexpensive.  U.S. has plenty of it for a while.  Power Plants relatively cheap to build.

35.  High environmental impact (air, water, land, acid rain)  Global Warming, high CO2 emissions  Toxic Mercury and radioactivity  Dangerous to mine

36. Petroleum, or crude oil is a thick, gooey liquid consisting of many combustible hydrocarbons. Formed over millions of year from decaying organic materials buried under the seafloor and subjected to extreme temperatures and pressure.

37. Crude oil and natural gas often found together in deep deposits in pores and cracks.  Found using sophisticated equipment.  Usually only 30-35% is extractable  Higher prices mean more can be extracted.

39. How crude oil is transported:  Pipelines  Trucks  Oil Tankers

40. Refining crude oil. Based upon their boiling points, components are removed in giant distillation column. In US refining accounts for 8% of our energy consumption

41. 1 barrel is 42 gallons

42. Eleven OPEC countries contain 78% of world’s proven oil reserves Oil is the world’s largest business. Saudi Arabia 25% Canada 15% Iraq 11%, UAE 9.3%

43. U.S.:  Uses 26%  Produces 2.9%  Import 60 % (36% in 1973) 2003 $99 billion import bill. 2/3 for transportation

44. Fig. 17-9 p. 357

45. Offshore oil accounts for 1/4 th of U.S. Oil Production. 9 of 10 barrels come from the Gulf.

46. US Oil Supply and Consumption.

47. Most energy expert believe there are about 1,050 billion barrels left. Peak Production This Decade Rising Demand, Dwindling Supply = Higher Prices

48. Ways of extending oil supplies:  Increase CAFÉ  Find new reserves  Taxing  Conservation  Increased use of other sources.

49.  We are used to it  Have a system to distribute and use it set up  High energy level  Used in many products  Relatively low cost

50.  Running Out (Nonrenewable)  U.S. has little  Dependent of foreign sources  POLLUTION  Global Warming  International Politics

51. Mainly methane CH 4 Also  Ethane C 2 H 6  Propane C 3 H 8  Butane C 4 H 10 Formed like oil from buried animals and plants millions of years ago.

52. Deposits usually found above oil deposits. In past was seen as unwanted waste and burnt off.

53. Russia (31%) and Iran (15%) have almost ½ of world’s reserves. Reserves could last 62- 125 years worldwide. Geologist expect to find more.

55. U.S. supplies should last 55-80 years depending upon demand. Supplies have been declining for years. Canada???

56.  53% of heat in U.S. homes  16% of electricity and growing quickly  Hot water heaters  Can be used in vehicles

57.  Cleaner burning than coal or oil.  Emits far fewer CO2 per energy units  More efficient energy producer and plants are cheaper to build

58.  Nonrenewable  Highly Flammable  Air pollution  Global Warming  Can be a challenge to transport

60. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Unit of Energy

61. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to global climate change. When coal and oil burn, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released, which contribute to smog and acid deposition. Oil spills, equipment ruptures, and oil in runoff pollute waterways, oceans, and coastal areas. Coal-fired power plants release mercury, which harms human health. Crude oil contains trace amounts of lead and arsenic.

62. Mining: Humans risk lives and respiratory health. Ecosystems are damaged by habitat destruction, extensive erosion, acid drainage, and heavy metal contamination downslope of mines. Oil and gas extraction: Roads and structures built to support drilling break up habitats and harm ecosystems. The longterm consequences of accidents can be uncertain or unpredictable Acid drainage from a coal mine

63. Fossil fuels are not evenly distributed over the globe, so some countries must import fuel sources. Nations that import fuel may be vulnerable to changes in fuel prices set by suppliers. Nations can import less fuel by developing domestic oil sources and renewable energy sources.

64. Practice of reducing energy use to make fossil fuels last and to prevent environmental damage Transportation: Gas-efficient cars and higher gas prices could help conserve energy in the U.S. Personal choices: Individuals can save energy by turning off lights, taking public transit, and buying energy- efficient appliances.

65. Isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission. U 235 and Pt 239 (U contains 92 Protons, how many neutrons???) Fission Chain Reaction, splitting the nucleus, releasing heat to produce steam

67. Joining two atomic nuclei to form one nucleus Releases much more energy than fission Currently impractical because very high temperatures are needed, but scientists continue exploring fusion for our future energy needs

68. Core Reactor: 35,000 to 70,000 fuel rods  Fuel pellets of 97% non-fissionable U238 and 3% fissionable U235  Control rods of Boron and Cadmium  Coolant: water  Containment vessel

69. “Spent” fuel rods usually stored onsite in huge pools of water Must be stored safely for 10,000 to 24,000 years Multiple safety layers at plants.

70. The heat produced by the splitting of uranium is used to generate electricity by spinning turbines. Plants must be in continual operation

71. BenefitsCosts No air pollutionExpensive to build and maintain Requires little uranium fuel and little mining Catastrophic accidents are possible. Under normal conditions, nuclear power plants are safer for workers than coal-burning power plants. Nuclear waste must be stored for thousands of years. Chernobyl

72. Fuel Cycle Includes:  Mining uranium  Processing fuel “enrichment”  Using fuel in reactor  Storing highly radioactive waste for thousands of years

74. After 15-60 years reactors become contaminated with radioactive materials and parts become worn out. Transporting nuclear waste for storage 10,000 years or more

75. Following WW II great interest in showing how atomic age could benefit humankind Tremendous government subsidies and research Government paid ¼ of cost of building first reactors. Government paid insurance

76. 1960s and 70s plans for many U.S. plants 1975 – 53 plants operating (9% of U.S. electricity) another 170 plants planned 1978 last plant to be built was ordered – great unease about plants

77. 1979 Three-Mile Island, PA 1986 Chernobyl (still a problem today) 2011 Japanese Plant Meltdown after Tsunami Globally plants continue to be built (441 in operation, 23 being built)

78. U.S. In 2010:  103 in operation  21% of countries electricity (huge plants) US Energy Information Agency predicts 27% fewer plants in 2020

79. Globally:  441 plants (32 under construction)  17% of world’s electricity  Growing 2.5% yearly Leading countries:  Lithuania 80%  France 78%

81.  Large Fuel Supply  Little Air Pollution and CO2 emissions  Moderate to low water and land environmental impact  Low risk of accidents

82.  High cost of building and operating plants  Possibility of catastrophic accidents  No long-term solutions for waste  Spreads knowledge of nuclear weapon technology  Terrorist Attacks

83. 1) If you were in charge, what energy source would you recommend? 2) What is the future of fossil fuels? 3) What can our government do to encourage energy conservation?