1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Global ecology Landscape ecology Ecosystem ecology Community ecology Population ecology Organismal ecology 1

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmosphere Low angle of incoming sunlight Sun overhead at equinoxes Low angle of incoming sunlight Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity 90  S (South Pole) 0  (Equator) 23.5  S (Tropic of Capricorn) 90  N (North Pole) 23.5  N (Tropic of Cancer) 2

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Global air circulation and precipitation patterns 30  N Northeast trades 66.5  N (Arctic Circle) 30  S 60  S Southeast trades Westerlies 00 66.5  S (Antarctic Circle) 30  N 60  N Westerlies Ascending moist air releases moisture. 00 Descending dry air absorbs moisture. 3

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Constant tilt of 23.5  June solstice 30  N December solstice September equinox 60  N 0  (equator) 30  S March equinox 4

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. California Current PACIFIC OCEAN Gulf Stream ATLANTIC OCEAN Labrador Current 5

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mountain range Air flow Ocean Leeward side of mountains 6

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Temperate broadleaf forest 30  S Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30  N Tropic of Cancer Northern coniferous forest High mountains Tundra Polar ice Tropical forest Savanna Chaparral Desert Temperate grassland 7

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Annual mean precipitation (cm)  15 Tropical forest Desert Temperate grassland Arctic and alpine tundra Annual mean temperature (  C) 15 0 0 30 100 200 300 400 8

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A tropical rain forest in Costa Rica 9

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A savanna in Kenya 10

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona 11

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. An area of chaparral in California 12

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A grassland in Mongolia 13

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A coniferous forest in Norway 14

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A temperate broadleaf forest in New Jersey 15

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Dovrefjell National Park, Norway 16

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A basin wetland in the United Kingdom 17

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. An oligotrophic lake in Alberta, Canada 18

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A headwater stream in Washington 19

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast 20

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A coral reef in the Red Sea 21

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Open ocean near Iceland 22

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community 23

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Zonation in a lake Littoral zone Limnetic zone Pelagic zone Photic zone Aphotic zone Benthic zone 24

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical factors Why is species X absent from an area? Does dispersal limit its distribution? Area inaccessible or insufficient time Predation, parasitism, competition, disease Water, oxygen, salinity, pH, soil nutrients, etc. Do biotic factors (other species) limit its distribution? Temperature, light, soil structure, fire, moisture, etc. Do abiotic factors limit its distribution? Physical factors Yes No Yes No 25

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. Births Immigration Deaths Emigration 26

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Clumped (c) Random(b) Uniform 27

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1,000 Percentage of maximum life span III Number of survivors (log scale) 100 10 0 1 10050 II I 28

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1,000 Number of generations Population size (N)  1.0N 10 0 0155 2,000 1,500 500  0.5N dtdt dNdN dtdt dNdN 29

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  r max N dtdt dNdN (K − N)(K − N) K K  carrying capacity Number of generations Population size (N) 30

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 31

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1,000 Number of generations Population size (N)  1.0N 10 0 0 155 2,000 1,500 500  1.0N dtdt dNdN Exponential growth Population growth begins slowing here. K  1,500 dtdt dNdN (1,500  N) 1,500 Logistic growth 32

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Dandelions grow quickly and release a large number of tiny fruits. The Brazil nut tree (above), produces a moderate number of large seeds in pods (left). 33

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. When population density is low, b  m. As a result, the population grows until the density reaches Q. When population density is high, m  b, and the population shrinks until the density reaches Q. Equilibrium density (Q) Density-dependent birth rate (b) Density-independent death rate (m) Birth or death rate per capita Population density 34

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Competition for resources 35

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Predation 36

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Disease 37

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Toxic wastes 5  m 38

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Territoriality 39

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Intrinsic factors 40

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Number of wolves Number of moose Year WolvesMoose 0 10 20 30 1,000 0 2,500 1,500 500 195519851995200519651975 2,000 50 40 41