1. FOCUS: German unification Mid-1800s
Nationalism:
the belief that people should be mainly loyal to their nation Nationalists believe that a cultural unity should turn into a political reality
FOCUS: German
unification
Mid-1800s

2. Unification of Germany
 Iron and Blood 

3. Factors Hindering Unification
Religion (North-Protestant/South-Catholic)
39 different German states
Loyalty to individual princes rather than central government
Opposition of France and Austria
Economic differences (East-Agriculture/West-Industry)

4. Germany Towards Unification: 39 States in German Confederation

5. Otto von Bismarck
Became Prussian chancellor (prime minister) 1862 under William I
Junker - German noble landowner
Protestant conservative
military reforms
manipulative & confident
brilliant diplomat
Realpolitik

6. King William I of Prussia

7. Realpolitik Practical or pragmatic politics
any action is acceptable if it serves the state’s (nation-state’s) interest
making decisions based on usefulness rather than moral considerations

8. 3 Wars for unification

9. Danish War Danish King intends to annex Schleswig and Holstein
Austria & Prussia combine to defeat Denmark easily
stage set for conflict manipulated by Bismarck

10. 1864

11. Austro-Prussian War
Also called the Seven Weeks War (by the Prussians!) Prussians win easily
Austria agrees to dissolve the German Confederation
German states above the Main River join together in North German Confederation under Prussian King
Austria contends with Hungarian revolt  Austria becomes Austria-Hungary

13. Franco-Prussian War Bismarck tricks the French into war
Southern Catholic German states join the North German Confederation for protection
French commander captured and surrenders to the Prussians
Prussian victory helps build up German patriotism

14. Treaty of Frankfurt Treaty that ends Franco-Prussian War
France pays Prussia lots of $$
Prussians will remain in France until paid
France gives Alsace-Lorainne to Germany
Rebels in Paris refuse to accept surrender
Paris bombarded and taken after inhabitants resort to eating rats and zoo animals

15. Become part of Germany
Boundary of German Empire

16. Treaty of Frankfurt was very harsh towards French
led to years of problems between France and Germany
shown later in World War I and II

17. William I’s coronation in Hall of Mirrors at Versailles

18. German Empire Centralization of Power
Kulturkampf - Effort to reduce power of Catholic Church in Germany
Foreign Policy...

19. Bismarck’s foreign policy
gain allies
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy
Reinsurance Treaty: Germany and Russia
Isolate France
avoid war - Bismarck hosts 2 conferences to settle conflicts

20. Problems following Unification
Alliance system
Empire dominated by Prussia
Suppression of Catholics
Growth of Socialism
Dismissal of Bismarck

21. Post-Bismarck Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm II ( )
Militarism
build-up of navy and army
forces Britain and France into alliance
competes for colonies

22. Foreign Policy
allows Russian alliance to lapse
Russia and France make alliance which leads to Schlieffen Plan…..(we will mention this during WWI)

23. These alliances help
set the stage for
World War I