1. Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-2 Overview nThis chapter uProvides an overview of the environmental and occupational sources of stress uDescribes several different kinds of environmental and occupational stress and ways to address and cope with them uExplains these sources of stress using a transactional model

3. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-3 Outline uOur personal environment uErgonomics uWork-related stress uThe NIOSH Model of Job Stress uA transactional model for explaining occupational and environmental stress

4. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-4 Our Personal Environmental n_______ environmental factors (demands or stimuli) that can exert strain on us n__________and ________ factors are potential stressors until we appraise them as threatening or harmful

5. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-5 Lighting Strain nFour major sources of potential lighting stress uInappropriate luminance uReflected light uGlare uHigh-contrast lighting conditions

6. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-6 Climate nBoth hot and cold temperatures can cause strain uSedentary work best performed at 70-75 degrees Fahrenheit uLight physical labor best performed at 66-72 degrees Fahrenheit uManual labor best performed at temperatures in the low to mid 60s Fahrenheit

7. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-7 Air Quality nBoth outdoor and indoor air pollution cause strain on lungs and health nMajor sources of indoor air pollution uParticulates from combustion-based sources uTobacco particulate matter (secondhand smoke) uConstruction materials uPesticides uNaturally occurring radioactive particles (radon gas) nBuild-up of particles associated with poor ventilation

8. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-8 Outdoor Air Quality nMajor sources of outdoor air pollution uOzone uNitrous oxide uSulfur dioxide uLead uVolatile organic compounds uParticulate matter uMercury

9. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-9 Graffiti: Art or Eye Pollution? nCreates visual blight for many nStrains the aesthetic sensibilities of some area residents nSome cities support local graffiti contests

10. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-10 Noise Pollution uNoise: uNoise is usually defined on the basis of safe decibel levels or community standards uThe term “_________ noisiness” acknowledges subjective nature of noise

11. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-11 Health Effects of Noise n________ loss n_______ loss nEmotional and mental disorders

12. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-12 Major Sources of Noise nMachinery, manufacturing nConstruction, public works nRoads, traffic

13. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-13 Ergonomics (Human Engineering) nThe study of the physical and mental characteristics of people and the tasks they perform for the purpose of designing appropriate living and working environments nGoals are to make activities ____ and enhance people’s well-being, both at ______ and at ______

14. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-14 Ergonomics in Action: Computer Workstations nGuidelines for design of computer workplaces at home or work

15. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-15 Work-Related Stress nJob conditions that make work stressful nInterpersonal dynamics that contribute to worker stress nBoth have been studied around the world in various countries and economies

16. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-16 Measuring Occupational Stress nThe ________ model of occupational stress combines in a transactional model: uStressful job conditions uIndividual factors uSituational factors nVery similar to Lazarus and Folkman’s Stress Appraisal Model

17. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-17 Stressful Job Conditions nThe design of tasks uCritical decision-making responsibility uExcessive complexity and/or difficulty uRepetitiveness uSimplicity uBoredom uLack of personal safety uExcessive time urgency

18. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-18 Other Potential Stressors at Work nTime demands nManagement style nInterpersonal relationships nDiscrimination/unequal treatment nSexual harassment

19. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-19 Sexual Harassment nUnwelcome sexual advances nRequests for sexual favors nVerbal or physical contact of a sexual nature nWhen... uSubmission made a condition of employment or advancement or basis for decisions about individual uBehavior creates a hostile environment

20. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-20 Other Stressful Job Conditions nWork role conflicts or ambiguities nCareer concerns (job insecurity, lack of advancement opportunity) nPhysical environmental conditions nIndividual factors (personality factors, styles) nSituational factors (other factors in worker’s life such as stress spillover between home and work)

21. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-21 A Transactional Model nThe transaction between the individual and the general or work environment is perceived as stressful to the extent that the individual perceives it as threatening, harmful, or beyond his or her ability to cope with it.

22. Akira Kaede/Getty Images 3-22 Chapter 3: The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress nSummary