1. WATER DAMAGE AND DRYING Presented by Greg Boling, CR, WLS, CMR

2. Water exists in 3 forms: Gas (water vapor) Solid (ice) Liquid

3. Sources of Water Liquid & Vapor Exterior Roof leaks Flooding (@ surface) Ground water (subsurface) Pressurization Diffusion of vapor Infiltration of vapor Interior Plumbing systems Washing Cooking Respiration Plants Disasters

4. Liquid Water as a Damage Can cause damage instantaneously Damage increases as time elapses As time elapses, water changes categories

5. Categories of Water Damage Category 1: Clean Water Category 2: Gray Water (rain, clean water in dirty carpets, laundry water, water migrating through building envelope) Category 3: Black Water (flooding from street or river, sewage [bacterial]

7. Water damage in a structure exists in 3 forms: 1. Free Water 2. Absorbed Water 3. Adsorbed Water

8. Free Water Refers to standing water Easiest to remove

9. Absorbed Water Refers to water that has become part of the structure due to capillary action Requires a building to need supplemental drying Can only be removed by (1)demolition of saturated materials (2)converting the liquid into a vapor

10. Adsorbed Water Refers to the chemically bonded water found naturally in materials Removal of adsorbed water damages the material.

11. Drying Drying is a science, based on established laws of thermodynamics and laws of gases Basically, all states of water seek equilibrium More to less High to Low

12. Releasing Water from the Structure 1. Provide an condition in which water wants to migrate from one area (where you want to get rid of it) to an area where it causes no harm 2. Provide tools to change the condition 3. Fully comprehend the area of water damage

13. Providing the condition Liquid water will flow, seeking its own level (more to less) Water vapor will move, from higher pressure to lower pressure If water can not flow out of building (drained), then it has to be converted to a vapor (evaporation)

14. Psychrometric Chart

15. Comprehending the Structure At the surface of the material, Water Activity occurs (conversion of liquid to vapor-evaporation) The further that a liquid has to migrate to the surface, the longer it takes to dry The permeability of a material dictates the speed of migration Water can travel through a material as vapor

16. Water Activity Water Activity ( a w ) = Equilibrium relative humidity of the substrate divided by 100 All building materials have different rates in which water vapor moves within them Water Activity at the surface determines the evaporation rate.

17. IMPORTANT POINT “The structure of a building must be investigated, not assumed”.

18. Releasing Water From Saturated Elements 1.Fully assess and comprehend the area of water damage 2.Create a condition in which water wants to migrate from one area (i.e. where you want to get rid of it) to an area where it causes no harm 3.Provide tools to change the condition

19. Drying Tools Dehumidifiers- manipulating the specific humidity to allow the air to accept additional moisture in the form of vapor Fans- prevent “layering” of water vapor due to weight; and they transport vapor away from the surface to increase conversion rates.

20. Types of Dehumidifiers Refrigerant Desiccant

21. Refrigerant Dehumidifier Most efficient at optimum temperature Ineffective at low temperatures Power requirements can become prohibitive Require more monitoring (labor hours)

23. Desiccant Dehumidifier Least efficient Not limited by ambient temperature Processed air is 20+ degrees hotter than the ambient air Purges moisture from the building under positive pressure- can potentially distribute contaminates

25. Accelerated Drying Programs Usually associated with schools: –Dry-Eze, Vortech, Water Out, etc Require specific uses of equipment or purchase of equipment Accelerated drying almost always results in the removal of adsorbed water, due to different materials present, thus damage almost always occurs

26. The Injectidry System

27. Injectidrying Forces dry air into interstitial wall & ceiling cavities and displaces the moisture by purging Excellent for wallpapered walls because it dries from the outside in Really isn’t needed in most applications

28. Documentation Establish “benchmark” Daily monitoring is required recording both relative humidity (RH), ambient temperature and saturation of materials to determine if building is drying As with all removal processes (mold remediation, asbestos abatement) clearance documentation needs to be provided.

29. Basic Guidelines 1. Amount of drying equipment used is based on the volume of air and air exchanges 2. Materials must be made as permeable as possible 3. Drying conclusion must be documented by testing

30. The “air exchange” rule Dehumidification processes the air When all of the air in a building or room has been processed by the dehumidifier, then all the air has been exchanged one time through the machine. Dehumidifiers are rated on how much air they process per minute (cfm)

31. Determining the Amount of Equipment Required The amount of water in a structure determines the amount of drying equipment needed to process the air Therefore, if the cubic foot volume of the air in a building is determined, then this amount can be divided by the number of cfm that the dehumidifier can process. If that sum is divided by 60, then the air exchanges per hour can be determined.

32. Example: Total length X width X height = 20,000 c/f. Divided by a 200 cfm Dh. = 100 minutes to complete an air exchange Divided by 60 minutes = 1.67 air exchanges per hour 1.67 X 2 =3.34- or 2 exchanges would require 2-200 cfm dehumidifiers.

33. How many air exchanges? Typical standard floor saturation requires one air exchange per hour Lower walls wet from wicking and bases of personal property wet requires two air exchanges per hour Walls & ceilings wet -requires three air exchanges per hour

35. Air exchanges establish optimum conditions for drying Once optimum conditions are met, then additional air exchanges accomplish nothing Because of the physical limitations of water activity & evaporation, three air exchanges are the maximum Therefore, adding more dehumidifiers can not lower the Rh beyond what is possible

36. Cost of equipment The daily rate for equipment use (fans and dehumidifiers) should not exceed 5% of the equipment cost per day. Equipment should never be charged for a period exceeding 15 days. 15 days X 5% = 75% of the cost of the equipment This applies to all servicing equipment

37. How many fans? Fans speed up the drying process nominally Air movement increases the amount of water activity that can occur Helps distribute processed air throughout the structure Most in our industry agree that three fans per dehumidifier are sufficient Fans can be used to dry “from the wall/ceiling cavities” out

39. Add-ons for fans

40. When fans should not be used When air movement could create bioaerosols Sewage- transporting pathogens into the air stream Mold- contaminating the indoor air quality

41. A word about Mold

42. IICRC S500 “Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration” Institute of Inspection,Cleaning and Restoration Certification www.iicrc.org

43. References Water Loss Institute- www.ascr.org Priority One Mitigation- www.p1m.com INSTAR Services Group www.instarservices.com 800.446.1620