1. Chapter 3 Ancient India and China 2600 B.C.- 550 A.D.

2. Section 1- Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan  Geography Subcontinent- a large landmass that juts out from a continent Subcontinent- a large landmass that juts out from a continent India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal Bhutan India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal Bhutan Mountains- Hindu Kush and Himalayas Mountains- Hindu Kush and Himalayas Three zones- Gangetic Plain, Deccan plateau and the coastal plains Three zones- Gangetic Plain, Deccan plateau and the coastal plains Monsoons- seasonal winds Monsoons- seasonal winds October- blow from northeastOctober- blow from northeast June- blow from southwestJune- blow from southwest

3. Indus Civilization  Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Well planned cities Well planned cities 3 miles in circumference 3 miles in circumference Well planned plumbing systems Well planned plumbing systems Farmers and traders Farmers and traders Contact with Sumer Contact with Sumer Writing is not related to Cuneiform Writing is not related to Cuneiform Polytheistic Polytheistic Veneration for buffalo and bull Veneration for buffalo and bull Sacred Cow Sacred Cow

4. Decline 1900 B.C.  Cities abandoned  No more writing  Crude pottery  Flood?  Earthquake?  Attack?

5. Aryan Civilization  2000 B.C.-1500 B.C. the Aryans migrated into India from southern Russia  Most of what we know about them comes from the Vedas The Vedas are a collection of hymns, chants, ritual instructions, and other religious teachings The Vedas are a collection of hymns, chants, ritual instructions, and other religious teachings 1500-500 B.C. called the Vedic Age 1500-500 B.C. called the Vedic Age

6. From Nomads to Farming  The Aryans mixed with the people they conquered  Learned how to farm from them  Developed iron axes and weapons  Rulers called Rajahs Depended on a council of elders Depended on a council of elders Fought with other rajahs Fought with other rajahs

7. Societal Structure  People divided into groups depending on their occupation 1. Brahmins- priests 1. Brahmins- priests 2. Kshatriyas- warriors 2. Kshatriyas- warriors 3. Vaisyas- herders, farmers, artisans and merchants 3. Vaisyas- herders, farmers, artisans and merchants 4. Sudras- people with little or no Aryan blood. Included farmers, servants and laborers. Lowest place in society. 4. Sudras- people with little or no Aryan blood. Included farmers, servants and laborers. Lowest place in society.

8. Religious Beliefs  Polytheistic  Gods and goddesses embodied natural forces  Chief god was Indra, god of war  Brahmins offered sacrifices or food and drink to the gods for their good favor  Brahman- a single spiritual power that exists in everything  Mystics- people who seek direct communion with divine forces

9. Epic Literature  Written in Sanskrit  Mahabharata and the Ramayana  Inside the Mahabharata is the Bhagavad- Gita  Dharma- devotion to one’s duty

10. Hinduism (quiz material starts here)

11. Characteristics of Hinduism  Very complex  Countless gods and goddesses  “God is one, but wise people know it by many names.”  All god and goddesses are a part of the brahman and make it more tangible Brahma- creator Brahma- creator Vishnu- preserver Vishnu- preserver Shiva- destroyer Shiva- destroyer

12. Sacred Texts  Vedas Upanishads- one section of the Vedas that deals with mystical questions Upanishads- one section of the Vedas that deals with mystical questions Who is the Knower? What makes my mind think? Does life have a purpose, or is it governed by chance? What is the cause of the Cosmos? Who is the Knower? What makes my mind think? Does life have a purpose, or is it governed by chance? What is the cause of the Cosmos? – Upanishads – Upanishads

13. Bhagavad-Gita  “song of the divine one”  Told by Krishna- and avatar of Vishnu  Concise guide to Hindu philosophy and a guide to life

14. Achieving Moksha  Atman- essential self  Moksha- uniting with brahman  Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another bodily form  Karma- actions in this life that affect your fate in the next life  All existence is ranked, humans are closest to brahman Live a good life, create good karma, reborn into a higher existence Live a good life, create good karma, reborn into a higher existence Live a bad life, create bad karma, suffer at a lower level of existence Live a bad life, create bad karma, suffer at a lower level of existence

15. Achieving Moksha continued…  Dharma- religious and moral duty of an individual  Ahimsa- non-violence

16. Jainism  Mahavira develops Jainism around 500 B.C.  Rejected the authority of Brahmin priests  Emphasized meditation, self-denial, and extreme forms of ahimsa

17. Buddhism

19. Buddhism Spreads Beyond India  Buddhist monasteries become centers of learning  Spreads to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Korea, Japan

20. Dalai Lama  Tibetan Buddhism  Called Gelug Buddhism

21. Tripitaka  “Three Baskets of Wisdom” Basket of Discipline- rules for monastic life Basket of Discipline- rules for monastic life Basket of Discourse- contains sermons and discussion of ethics and doctrine attributed to the Buddha or his disciples Basket of Discourse- contains sermons and discussion of ethics and doctrine attributed to the Buddha or his disciples Basket of Special Doctrine- additional doctrine Basket of Special Doctrine- additional doctrine All contain legends and other narratives as well All contain legends and other narratives as well  Total canon of Theravada Buddhism  Preliminary body of teachings for Mahayana Buddhism

22. Mahayana Buddhism  Easier for ordinary people to follow  Picture the Buddha and other holy beings as compassionate gods  Afterlife filled with many heavens and hells  Spread to China, Tibet, Korea, and Japan

23. Theravada Buddhism  Follows Buddha’s original teachings  Life devoted to hard spiritual work  Only monks and nuns could hope to achieve nirvana  Spread to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia