1. Greece
Early Empires

2. The Greek City-States Early City-States of the Aegean
Minoans settled Crete by 6000 B.C.E.
Produced pottery, written script and bronze tools
Development of new script (Linear B) shows rising influence of Greeks over Minoans

5. Mycenae

6. Mycenaeans dominated relationship with Crete after 1450 B.C.E.
Minoan civilization fades into history…

7. Mycenae Truth or Legend? Agamemnon
Power failed by 1200 B.C.E. for unknown reasons at start of Greek “Dark Ages”
Reemergence of Greek culture in 850 B.C.E.

8. The Greek POLIS City-States! Size restricted by geography
Overpopulation addressed by colonization
Built for defense and to accommodate mountains
Poorest lived at lower levels
Agora (open meeting space) on higher ground
Acropolis (temple) on highest ground

11. The Greek City-States Athens and the Development of Democracy
Developed modern concept of political democracy
It was a leader among city-states
It left the most historical records
It moved farthest from kings and oligarchies to rule by the people

12. Athens: Democracy
Reforms led movement toward democracy [ B.C.E.]
All free men could participate in decisions
Wealthy and poor represented in Councils
Ironically, slavery helped create democracy (they provided the free time necessary)
Reforms ended with class conflict and clan rivalries

13. Athens: Democracy Open meetings every ten days to make decisions
Agenda set by Council of 500 selected by lottery from each deme (place of residence)
Political identity now based on place not wealth
Athens: Democracy

14. New reforms under Pisistratus [d. 527 B. C. E
New reforms under Pisistratus [d. 527 B.C.E.] included loans to farmers, road construction, and public works
Death of Pisistratus saw end of reform and invasion of Athens by Sparta (510 B.C.E.) at invitation of Athenian elite

15. The Greek City-States Athens now a more open society
Intellect and learning highly valued
Identity based on participation
…but the Persians are coming!

17. City-States Unite! The Delian League
Battle of Marathon
10,000 man Greek army defeats 48,000 man Persian army at Marathon (490 B.C.E.]
Persia’s King Darius first attempt to conquer remaining Greeks
Greek key was hoplite soldiers organized into tightly-knit phalanxes, symbolic of citizen unity of city-state

18. King Leonidis – Leader of the Spartans
More War with Persia
Xerxes, son of Darius, attempts to defeat Greeks
Thermopylae 480 BC- you know, 300 and all that
King Leonidis – Leader of the Spartans
1814
2006

19. Salamis – A naval victory for Greece!
Greek motivation offset power of Persians who were overextending their powers
Persians withdraw and by the following year, the invasion ends.

20. Athens: From Mini-State to Mini-Empire
Victory transformed Delian League (city states that joined together to defeat the Persians) into an empire led by Athens
The Golden Age of Athenian Culture
Pericles [c B.C.E.] directed subsequent Athenian flowering of arts and thought (creates the Acropolis)

21. Athens (Pericles) replaced war-damaged buildings with Delian League money and created elegant structures
Plan of Acropolis.
The construction of the Acropolis (Greek for “high city”) beginning in c. 460 b.c.e. under the leadership of Pericles, signified the beginning of a Golden Age for Athens. The plan above indicates some of its most celebrated buildings—the Parthenon (1), the Erectheum (2), the Propylaea (3), and the Temple of Athena Nike (4).

22. The Golden Age of Athenian Culture
Historians – birth of the study of “modern history”
- Philosophers
Socrates [d. 399 B.C.E.] argued for the supremacy of the state over the individual
Plato [d. 348 B.C.E.] promoted the study of ideals as the way to understand truth
Aristotle [d. 322 B.C.E.] studied ethics and politics and served as tutor for Alexander the Great
Dramatists
Key themes were justice, morality and equity

23. Limits of City-State Democracy
Women had no right to political participation and were not seen as the equals of men
Aristotle: men command, women obey
Citizenship restricted to native born males
…see – men have always been dumb.

24. Empire of Classical Greece – Chock Full ‘O Colonies!
Classical Greece. The hilly terrain and sea-boundaries of Greece discouraged the growth of large settlements, and Greek philosophers also stressed the importance of local community. When population grew too great the citizens encouraged their younger cohort to establish new city-states of their own. The resulting spread of settlements established Greek influence all the way from Sicily to Anatolia.
Empire of Classical Greece – Chock Full ‘O Colonies!

25. Uh-oh…trouble for Athens…
Pericles’ imperialism alienates much of Greece
Fear prompts Sparta to lead the Greek effort to break Athenian domination in first Peloponnesian War ( B.C.E.)
War ends in 404 BCE with Persian funded Spartan victory
Athens never recovers…

26. What the heck is a Macedonian?
Conquests of Philip II
Philip was a leader in Macedonia who pursued two goals: unify Greece and liberate Greeks everywhere from Persian control
Greek resistance was high based on fear of loss of political autonomy as result of unity
You might say – we didn’t see “eye to eye”…

27. Empire of Alexander the Great
Conquered the “known” world – Greece, Persia, Egypt, ect..
Followed policy of benevolent despotism (think Cyrus)
Created largest empire ever known to that point
Successful conquests were followed by attempts to gain control of India
Empire did not last long after the end of his life [323 B.C.E.]
..that’s right. Great.

28. The Empire of Alexander
The Empire of Alexander. In 338 the Greek city-states were defeated by Philip of Macedon. His son, Alexander, extended the imprint of Greek culture far beyond its Mediterranean homeland. In a series of whirlwind campaigns between 334 and 323 b.c.e., Alexander gained control of Syria and Egypt and then destroyed the might of Persia. He took his armies east to the Indus and north to central Asia, but died age 33 in Babylon.
The Empire of Alexander. In 338 the Greek city-states were defeated by Philip of Macedon. His son, Alexander, extended the imprint of Greek culture far beyond its Mediterranean homeland. In a series of whirlwind campaigns between 334 and 323 b.c.e., Alexander gained control of Syria and Egypt and then destroyed the might of Persia. He took his armies east to the Indus and north to central Asia, but died age 33 in Babylon.

29. Legacy of Alexander the Great
Spread Greek language, culture, and people across Asia Minor
Built roads and cities such as Alexandria, Egypt
unified urban culture of diverse people and vast lands