1. CHAPTER 5 MINERALS Name: __________________ Period: _____ Date: ___________________

2. Minerals are S.O.N.I.C. a substance must meet the following criteria to be classified as a mineral:  ____________________________

3. Formation of Minerals  ____________________________________  ____________________________________ ____________________________________

4. Crystals are a H.OT.M.I.T. An orderly arrangement of atoms in a mineral Will form one of the six basic shapes:  ____________________

6. Mineral Families SSSCOHN Minerals are grouped into families by their chemical structure. There are seven families: ______________________ _____________________ ______________________

7. Silicates __________of the earth’s crust Made from different atoms and __________ and _______________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron), some do not have this metal (quartz) Basic building block is the _____________________which is one silicon atom bonded to _____oxygen atoms Classified on how the tetrahedron is linked together ( chains or single sheet) Common: mica, feldspar, quartz, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, beryl

9. Carbonates Made from different atoms and __________ and 3 __________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron) Most common is calcite and dolomite used in building materials Other common: azurite, malachite

10. Oxides Made from different atoms and __________ plus a metal (usually iron) Used in steel industry, magnets, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints Common: hematite, magnetite

11. Sulfides Made from different atoms and ______________ plus a metal (iron) Used is medicines, cosmetics, plastics, paints, and industry Common: pyrite, galena

12. Sulfates Made from different atoms and ____________ and ___________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron) Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints Common: Gypsum, Celestine, barite

13. Halides Atoms bonded with any one of the following elements _________, ___________, _________, __________, ____________ plus a metal Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints Common: Fluorite, Halite,

14. Native Elements Any mineral that is made ___________________________ Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints Common: Gold, Silver, Platinum, Potassium, Calcium,

15. Classification Physical inspection and tests identify minerals: ____________: least reliable ____________: true color of mineral ____________: can be metallic or nonmetallic ____________: the strength of a mineral not to be scratched ___________________: its mass compared to water ______________: Cleavage or Fracture Special Properties: these are special identifying traits that some minerals posses

16. Color Observation Some minerals identified by their unique color:  Sulfur is yellow  Azurite is blue  Malachite is green Most un reliable:  Many minerals can have the same color  Weathering/oxidation of mineral surface can change true color

17. Streak By rubbing a mineral on a unglazed porcelain tile, a minerals true color can be found Some nonmetallic minerals have a colorless or white streak Most metallic minerals have a grey or black streak

18. Luster How a mineral reflects light Metallic: looks like rusted or shiny metal Nonmetallic: does not look like meta Some descriptions:  Shiny  Earthy  Brilliant  Dull  Glassy  Pearly  Waxy

20. Hardness The resistance of a mineral to being scratched Based on atom alignment Test with the Moh’s scale  1 is softest: talc  10 hardest: diamond

21. Breakage ________________: breaking mineral and it cleaves into smooth flat surfaces (or right angles are made) ________________: breaking mineral and it does not cleave  Descriptive: fibrous, splintery, jagged, Conchoidal

22. Cleavage

23. Fracture

24. Specific Gravity Comparing the mass of a mineral to an equal volume of water Metallic Minerals have a higher specific gravity (3 to 5) Nonmetallic usually can have a lower specific gravity (1 to 3)

25. Special Properties Phosphorous: can continue to glow after UV turned off Fluorescence: can glow under UV light Magnetic: can attract metals Refractive: can bend light Radioactive: can send off radioactive particles

26. Flouresence

27. Phosphoresence

28. Refractive