1. 5 Atoms to Minerals 5.1 Matter and Atoms
CHAPTER 5
Atoms to Minerals
EXIT CHAPTER
5.1 Matter and Atoms
5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
5.3 Identifying Minerals
5.4 Mineral Groups
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2. 5 5.1 Matter and Atoms Atoms to Minerals
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Atoms to Minerals
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5.1 Matter and Atoms
VOCABULARY
Matter is anything with mass and volume, and is made of elements. All known elements are listed and classified by properties on the periodic table.
element
atomic number
isotope
mass number
compound
molecule
A diamond is made of the element carbon.
ion
metal
nonmetal
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3. 5 5.1 Matter and Atoms Atoms to Minerals
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5.1 Matter and Atoms
VOCABULARY
Matter is anything with mass and volume, and is made of elements. All known elements are listed and classified by properties on the periodic table.
element
atomic number
isotope
An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the element’s properties. An atom has a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons in an electron cloud.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
A carbon atom consists of six protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Protons
Neutrons
Electron
nonmetal
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4. 5 5.1 Matter and Atoms Atoms to Minerals
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5.1 Matter and Atoms
VOCABULARY
Two or more chemically bound elements may form a compound; most substances on Earth are compounds rather than pure elements. Compounds often have properties very different than those of the elements of which it is made.
element
atomic number
isotope
mass number
compound
Compounds are bound by three main types of bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic.
molecule
ion
metal
Ionic Bond: Salt
Sodium Ion
Chlorine Ion
Covalent Bond: Water
Hydrogen
Oxygen
nonmetal
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5. 5 Atoms to Minerals element
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
element
isotope
A substance composed of atoms that are chemically alike and that cannot be broken down into simpler parts by ordinary chemical or physical means.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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6. 5 Atoms to Minerals atomic number
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
atomic number
isotope
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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7. 5 Atoms to Minerals isotope
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
isotope
isotope
Any of two or more forms of the same chemical element that differ in atomic mass.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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8. 5 Atoms to Minerals mass number
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
mass number
isotope
The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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9. 5 Atoms to Minerals compound
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
compound
isotope
A substance that contains atoms of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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10. 5 Atoms to Minerals molecule
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
molecule
isotope
A group of atoms linked together by chemical bonds.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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Atoms to Minerals
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
ion
isotope
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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12. 5 Atoms to Minerals metal
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
metal
isotope
An element that loses electrons easily to form positive ions.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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13. 5 Atoms to Minerals nonmetal
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VOCABULARY
element
atomic number
nonmetal
isotope
An element that gains electrons easily to form negative ions.
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
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14. 5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
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5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
VOCABULARY
mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and orderly atomic arrangement.
crystal
silicate
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
Crystal Structure of Salt
Sodium ion
Chlorine ion
Minerals may be either elements or compounds, and form in a variety of ways.
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15. 5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
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5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
VOCABULARY
mineral
crystal
The atomic, or crystal, structure determines a mineral’s properties, including cleavage, melting point, and hardness.
silicate
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
Diamond
Graphite
Carbon Structures
Covalent bond
Most of Earth’s crust consists of silicate minerals.
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16. 5 Atoms to Minerals mineral
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mineral
crystal
mineral
silicate
A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a distinct chemical composition and crystalline structure.
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
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17. 5 Atoms to Minerals crystal
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mineral
crystal
crystal
silicate
A solid substance in which the atoms or ions are arranged in an orderly pattern that repeats over and over again.
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
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18. 5 Atoms to Minerals silicate
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mineral
crystal
silicate
silicate
Any mineral that has as its building block a tetrahedron of silicon and oxygen.
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
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19. 5 Atoms to Minerals silica tetrahedron
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VOCABULARY
mineral
crystal
silica tetrahedron
silicate
A grouping of one silicon ion and four oxygen ions that forms the basic building block of silicate.
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
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20. 5 Atoms to Minerals cleavage
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mineral
crystal
cleavage
silicate
The tendency of a mineral to split along planes of its crystalline structure where bonds are weakest.
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
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21. 5 5.3 Identifying Minerals Atoms to Minerals
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5.3 Identifying Minerals
VOCABULARY
A mineral is identified by its properties. Simple inspection reveals a mineral’s crystal shape, color, and luster.
mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
luster
streak
Mineral
Crystal Shape
Color
Luster
lead or silver-gray; may have bluish tint
metallic to dull
glassy to earthy
bright yellow crystals; pale yellow as powder
fracture
specific gravity
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22. 5 5.3 Identifying Minerals Atoms to Minerals
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5.3 Identifying Minerals
VOCABULARY
Simple tests reveal a mineral’s streak, cleavage, fracture, and hardness.
mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
luster
streak
Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
gypsum
potassium feldspar
talc
fluorite
calcite
apatite
Reference Mineral
quartz
corundum
topaz
diamond
Reference Tool
fingernail (2.5)
glass plate (5.5)
copper penny (3.5)
steel file (6.5)
Moh’s Scale of Hardness
fracture
specific gravity
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23. 5 5.3 Identifying Minerals Atoms to Minerals
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5.3 Identifying Minerals
VOCABULARY
Simple tests reveal a mineral’s streak, cleavage, fracture, and hardness.
mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
luster
Other ways to identify minerals include finding the specific gravity, chemical testing, and measuring special properties unique to some minerals.
streak
fracture
specific gravity
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24. 5 Atoms to Minerals mineralogy
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mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
mineralogy
luster
The study of minerals and their properties.
streak
fracture
specific gravity
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25. 5 Atoms to Minerals rock-forming mineral
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mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
rock-forming mineral
luster
A specific group of minerals known to form rocks.
streak
fracture
specific gravity
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26. 5 Atoms to Minerals luster
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mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
luster
luster
The property of a mineral that describes the quality or appearance of light reflected from its surface.
streak
fracture
specific gravity
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27. 5 Atoms to Minerals streak
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mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
streak
luster
The property of a mineral that describes its color in powdered form.
streak
fracture
specific gravity
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28. 5 Atoms to Minerals fracture
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VOCABULARY
mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
fracture
luster
The property of a mineral that describes an irregular pattern of breakage in a direction other than along cleavage planes.
streak
fracture
specific gravity
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29. 5 Atoms to Minerals specific gravity
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mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
specific gravity
luster
The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water; property used to identify minerals.
streak
fracture
specific gravity
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30. 5 5.4 Mineral Groups Atoms to Minerals
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5.4 Mineral Groups
VOCABULARY
and carbonates are the most common minerals in Earth’s crust.
Silicates
carbonate
oxide
sulfide
Smokey quartz (left) and orthoclase feldspar (right) are examples of silicate minerals.
Dolomite is an example of a carbonate mineral.
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31. 5 5.4 Mineral Groups Atoms to Minerals
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5.4 Mineral Groups
VOCABULARY
Silicates and carbonates are the most common minerals in Earth’s crust.
carbonate
oxide
sulfide
Quartz and feldspars are the most common silicates.
Iron-rich oxides and sulfides are less common but economically important minerals.
Hematite is the most common iron oxide.
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32. 5 Atoms to Minerals carbonate
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carbonate
oxide
carbonate
sulfide
A nonsilicate mineral that has as its major building block one carbon atom covalently bonded to three oxygen atoms.
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33. 5 Atoms to Minerals oxide
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VOCABULARY
carbonate
oxide
oxide
sulfide
A mineral consisting of a metal element combined with oxygen.
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34. 5 Atoms to Minerals sulfide
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VOCABULARY
carbonate
oxide
sulfide
sulfide
A mineral consisting of a metal element combined with sulfur.
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35. 5 Atoms to Minerals I. Matter and Atoms A. Matter
CHAPTER 5
Atoms to Minerals
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VOCABULARY
I. Matter and Atoms
element
A. Matter
atomic number
B. Structure of an Atom
isotope
1. Nucleus
mass number
2. Electrons and Energy Levels
compound
C. Classifying Atoms
molecule
D. Bonding of Atoms
ion
1. Covalent Bonds
metal
2. Ionic Bonds
nonmetal
3. Metallic Bonds
4. Compounds and Mixtures
KEY IDEA SUMMARY

36. 5 Atoms to Minerals II. Matter and Atoms A. What is a Mineral?
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VOCABULARY
II. Matter and Atoms
mineral
A. What is a Mineral?
crystal
B. How Minerals Form
silicate
C. Structure of Minerals
silica tetrahedron
1. Crystal Structure
cleavage
2. Silicates
3. Crystal Structure and Physical Properties
KEY IDEA SUMMARY

37. III. Identifying Minerals
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VOCABULARY
III. Identifying Minerals
mineralogy
A. Rock-Forming Minerals
rock-forming mineral
B. Identifying Minerals by Inspection
luster
C. Testing Mineral Specimens
streak
D. Special Properties of Minerals
fracture
specific gravity
KEY IDEA SUMMARY

38. 5 Atoms to Minerals IV. Mineral Groups A. Major Silicates 1. Quartz
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VOCABULARY
IV. Mineral Groups
carbonate
A. Major Silicates
oxide
1. Quartz
sulfide
2. Feldspars
3. Other Silicates
B. Carbonates
C. Oxides and Sulfides
KEY IDEA SUMMARY

39. CHAPTER 5
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