1. SOIL SCIENCE

2. 1. Explain why soil is so important. Only a fixed number of land in the USA. Production of fruit, vegetables, grain, feed for animals.

3. 2. List the four main components of soil and the percentage of each in the soil. Organic matter 5% Air 25% Water 25% Mineral matter 45%

4. COMPONENTS OF

5. 3. Define soil texture. Size of the soil particles

6. 4. What are the main soil particles. List them from largest to smallest. Sand Silt Clay

7. Soil Texture Size of the soil particles

9. 5. Why is it important for soil to contain a balance of sand, silt, and clay particles? 5. Why is it important for soil to contain a balance of sand, silt, and clay particles? Gives the soil proper air movement (aeration) Gives the soil proper moisture movement Provides good support for the plant Holds nutrients

10. 6. List the five soil texture groups and the soil textural classes found in each group. (Table 6-1) Fine Textured – Clay, Silty Clay, Sandy Clay Moderately Fine Textured – Silty clay loam, Clay loam, Sandy Clay Loam Medium Textured – Loam, Silt loam, Silt Coarse Textured – Sandy Loam, Loamy sand Very Coarse Textured - Sand

11. 7. What is the purpose of the ribbon test? To determine the soil texture

14. 8. What is the purpose of the textural triangle on page 75? Used to determine soil texture

17. Example 1: 20% Clay 40% Silt 40% Sand What is the textural classification? _____________ LOAM

18. Using the Jar Method to Determine Textural Classification 1.Fill jar about 1/3 with soil. 2.Fill with water. 3.Put lid on/Shake for 5 minutes. 4.Let stand for 24 hours. 5.Measure depth of sand, silt, clay. (use millimeters) 6.Calculate the percentage of each. 7.Use texture triangle to determine soil texture classification. 30mm 10mm Total = 50mm 30/50 = 60% Clay 10/50 = 20% Silt 10/50 = 20% Sand

19. 30/50 = 60% Clay 10/50 = 20% Silt 10/50 = 20% Sand Texture = ___________ Clay

20. 9. Define soil structure and list the six types of soil structures. The way soil particles are grouped together to form clusters (aggregates) Single grain Blocky Platy Massive Granular Prismatic

21. Soil structure is the shape that the soil takes based on its physical and chemical properties. Each individual unit of soil structure is called a ped. Take a sample of undisturbed soil in your hand (either from the pit or from the shovel or auger). Look closely at the soil in your hand and examine its structure. Possible choices of soil structure are:

22. Blocky: Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 - 5.0 cm in diameter.

23. Blocky

24. Platy: Thin, flat plates of soil that lie horizontally. Usually found in compacted soil.

25. Platy

26. Massive: Soil has no visible structure, is hard to break apart and appears in very large clods.

27. Massive

28. Granular: Resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than 0.5 cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing.

29. Granular

30. Prismatic: Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long. Usually found in lower horizons.

31. Prismatic

32. 10. Define soil pH. The level of acidity or alkalinity in the soil ph = potential hydrogen The amount of H in the soil

33. 11. Why is soil pH important for plant growth? Soil pH determines how much of a nutrient is available for plant growth

34. 12. Draw the pH scale found on page 77.

35. 13. List the 16 elements that are necessary for plant growth. C – Carbon H – Hydrogen O – Oxygen P – Phosphorus K – Potassium N – Nitrogen S – Sulfur Ca – Calcium Fe – Iron Mg – Magnesium B – Boron Mn – Manganese Cu – Copper Zn - Zinc Mo – Molybedenum Cl - Chlorine

36. C HOPKNS CaFe Mg B Mn CuZn Mo Cl 14. Memory device

37. 15. List the three primary nutrients. Why are they important? Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Needed in the largest amount by plants

38. 16. List the three secondary nutrients. How much of these do plants need? Calcium Magnesium Sulfur Needed in moderate amounts by plants

39. 17. List the micronutrients. How much of these do plants need? Boron Chlorine Copper Manganese Molybedenum Iron Zinc Needed in very tiny amounts

40. C HOPKNS CaFe Mg B Mn CuZn Mo Cl From atmosphere Primary Secondary Micronutrients

41. 18. What can we determine about the soil by conducting a soil test? The amount of nutrients in the soil

42. 19. What is the purpose of a plant analysis? Determine the nutrients in a plant

43. 20. Define the word fertilizing. Adding nutrients to the soil Manure – natural fertilizer Compost – natural fertilizer

44. 21. What are the 3 numbers on a fertilizer bag and what do they mean? % of N, P, K

45. 22. Define complete fertilizer Contains N, P, K

46. 23. Define slow release fertilizer Slowly dissolves in the soil. May last several months.

47. 24. What is the fertilizer ratio? The relative amount of N, P, K Examples: 10-10-10 = 1:1:1 10-5-10 = 2:1:2

48. 25. What is a soil profile? (define and sketch example) Diagram which shows the different layers of soil. (Example on next slide)

49. SOIL PROFILE

51. 26. What is soil porosity? (define and sketch examples) The amount of space between the soil particles. Greater porosity allows more air and water movement in the soil, a good thing. (Examples on next 2 slides)

52. Porosity

54. Single Grained: Soil is broken into individual particles that do not stick together. Always accompanies a loose consistence. Commonly found in sandy soils.

55. Single-Grained

56. SOIL FORMATION

57. SOURCES OF ORGANIC MATTER MANURE COMPOST

58. PLANT NUTRIENTS

59. Primary Nutrients N – Nitrogen P – Phosphorous K - Potassium Secondary Nutrients S – Sulfur Ca – Calcium Mg - Magnesium Micronutrients or Trace Elements B – Boron Cu – Copper Zn – Zinc Mo – Molybdenum Mn – Manganese Fe – Iron Cl - Chlorine

64. P deficiency P deficiency is characterized by dark green plants and purplish leaves. P deficient plants are typically "spindly." Because of the marked effect that P deficiency has on retarding overall growth.

66. Potassium deficiency is chlorosis of the lower, older leaves that begins at the leaf tip and proceeds down the leaf margins. As the severity of K deficiency increases the symptoms proceed up the affected plants. K Deficiency

67. POTASSIUM (K) K comes from the latin word Kalium. Potassium gets its name from the word potash.

68. SOIL AMENDMENTS Peat Moss Vermiculite Perlite Sand Compost Manure

69. Comes from a peat bog Peat Moss Sphagnum is a genus of between 1510 and 3500 species of mosses, commonly called peat moss due to its prevalence in wet habitats where it contributes to the formation of peat bogs and mires.

70. Sphagnum flexuosum

71. Decayed, dried sphagnum moss has the name of peat or peat moss. This is used as a soil conditioner which increases the soil's capacity to hold water and nutrients by increasing capillary forces and cation exchange capacity. This is often necessary when dealing with very sandy soil, or plants that need increased or steady moisture content to flourish. A distinction is sometimes made between sphagnum moss, the live moss growing on top of a peat bog, and 'sphagnum peat moss' (North American usage) or 'sphagnum peat' (British usage), the latter being the slowly decaying matter underneath.[18]

73. Vermiculite Vermiculite is a hydrous, silicate mineral that is classified as a phyllosilicate and that expands greatly when heated. Soilless growing media: exfoliated vermiculite is combined with other materials such as peat or composted pine bark compost to produce soilless growing media for the professional horticulturalist and for the home gardener. These mixes promote faster root growth and gives quick anchorage to young roots. The mixture helps retain air, plant food and moisture, releasing them as the plant requires them.

74. Perlite Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content, typically formed by the hydration of obsidian. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficiently. In horticulture, perlite can be used as a soil amendment or alone as a medium for hydroponics or for starting cuttings. When used as an amendment it has high permeability / low water retention and helps prevent soil compaction.